Dissertation Thesis

Dissertation on African Americans

2012-03-05T10:41:00.000-08:00

Dissertation on African Americans

Language, Culture, History and Society of African American People in the US

Language is probably one of the major tools that contribute to the progress of human civilization and formation of humans as intelligent and social beings. As the matter of fact, language is one of the major distinguishable features that differs humans from other living beings in the entire planet. In the course of the development of human civilization, language evolved respectively to the level of the development of civilization and was one of the major constituent elements of the socio-cultural progress of people. Nowadays, the role of language has become even more important because language is more than a means of communication but it is rather an essential part of human culture that produces a profound impact on individual’s perception of the surrounding world, his/her beliefs, ideas, traditions and culture. Moreover, it is even possible to estimate that language, to a significant extent shapes individual’s identity and distinguishes him/her from representatives of other socio-cultural groups.

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In such a context, the development of dialects or even a variety of languages, which seemingly originate from one and the same basis, is particularly noteworthy. In this respect, it is possible to refer to English which perfectly illustrates the extent to which the language may differ depending on the community that uses this language and socio-cultural as well as historical background in which this language is used.

First of all, it should be said that specialists (Baldwin) argue that different variants of English language should be defined either as dialects or even as separate languages. In this argument Baldwin, for instance, attempts to prove that African American English, being consistently different from Standard English, is not a dialect, but it is rather a different language, the language of African Americans, which he defines as “the creation of the black diaspora” (281). This is probably why June Jordan’s class chose to write their protest letter to the police in Black English rather than in Standard English. Obviously, they viewed the language as the one of the major acquisitions of their ethnic group.

Moreover, they could view the language as the distinguishable feature of their own culture and their ethnic group. It was a symbol of their difference and the symbol of their cultural identity. This means that the language may be viewed as an essential element of national identity and, in such a context, the use of Black English is quite comprehensible and logical because students attempted to show that they are a different nation and their rights should be respected, while language was a kind of evidence that their culture and their ethnic group is really different and unique and, what is more important, it is culturally rich because it has managed to create its own language being under a permanent pressure of the dominating white group. In this regard, it is very important to remind that James Baldwin lays emphasis on the fact that “language, incontestably, reveals the speaker” (279). So, the letter and the language used just reveal the speakers, emphasizing their national identity and dignity.

In fact, it should be pointed out that language has always played a very important role as the means of self-expression and identification of an individual with a particular community or socio-cultural group. In this respect, it is possible to remind Irish people whose English was substantially different from British English and it was a subject of mockery from the part of Englishmen, but, on the other, hand it was a part of the culture and national identity of Irish people that clearly distinguished them from the rest of English-speaking world.

At the same time, it is worthy of mention that the language may be also viewed as a subject of racial discrimination because, returning to the US, it should be said that traditionally Black English was viewed as a dialect of Standard English, i.e. the dialect of the language of white Americans. In such a way, the latter apparently emphasized their superiority in relation to African Americans who were treated inferior and their language, or dialect, was a proof of their inferiority.

This means that white community viewed the language of African Americans as inferior because they believed that the difference of this language is determined by their low educational level and their inability to speak correctly.

In such a situation, the letter discussed above may be viewed as a response to all these skeptics whose view on Black English is influenced by prejudices and racial biases. At the same time, James Baldwin rejects the idea that Black English is a dialect of Standard English, instead, he insists that it is a different language created by African American community, partially in response to racial discrimination. For instance, he refers to historical context, in which African Americans were forced to use their own specific language that was not comprehensible to white Americans because African Americans were oppressed by whites. In such a way, the language “comes into existence by means of brutal necessity, and the rules of the language are dictated by what the language must convey” (Baldwin 281).

Thus, taking into account all above mentioned, it is possible to conclude that Black English may be viewed as a language of African American people which should rather be viewed as a language and not a dialect of Standard English. In this respect, it should be said that Black English was created in a very specific historical context as a means of communication of African Americans and it did not count for other English-speaking people that may be viewed as a proof of the independence of this language from Standard English because it was a language a particular community. At the same time, it is necessary to underline that the concept of language should be viewed consistently larger than just an ordinary means of communication. In fact, it is the product of the historical development of the community which incorporates culture and traditions of this community. In actuality, language contributes to the formation of the particular cultural and national identity of speakers.

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Dissertation on Environment

2012-03-05T10:39:00.000-08:00

Dissertation on Environmental Chemical Disaster

Introduction

Nowadays the industrial and technological progress facilitates consistently human life, but, on the other hand, it creates new threats to the health and life of people as well as to the environment. In this respect, chemical industry is particularly dangerous because the use of modern chemicals, being a constituent part of the production process, may threaten to the environment and people. Moreover, at the present moment, hazardous chemicals are used in different industry and they may be present in households. In such a situation, the threat of some accidents involving chemicals may be very harmful for people and environment.

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Among the most dangerous and widely spread chemicals it is possible to name chlorine, which is very destructible for both people and their environment. At the same time, it is one of the major chemical elements that used in different fields and people are practically constantly imposed to the threat of its negative impact in case of some accident.

The chlorine threat

Speaking about the chlorine threat, it is necessary to point out that this threat is very serious and it is impossible to estimate that some areas are more exposed to this threat than others. The wide use of chlorine leads to its wide spread and the IUB area is not an exception in this regard because chlorine is one of the essential chemical elements that is used daily in different fields and people are often unconscious that they may come in contact with this chemical. At the same, it is necessary to point out that this chemical is very dangerous to human health as well as environment. It is worthy of mention the fact that many specialists insist on the necessity of the ban of the use of chlorine (CFPA). The main argument for the ban of chlorine is its negative impact on human health and the potential danger this chemical may expose the environment to in case of an accident. Specialists argue that even in small quantities chlorine may be dangerous to human health, while in case of an accident the impact of chlorine may be lethal to humans (CFPA). At the same time, people cannot be absolutely secure in their household because chlorine may be used in household too that is also a potential threat to human health (Household Chemical Emergency).

In this respect, it should be said basically chlorine is used for the disinfection of water and it is basically applied to disinfection swimming pools, though it is also used for the filtration and disinfection of waste waters. For instance, Borough of Indiana plant uses this chemical in the process of disinfection of the plant (Borough of Indiana). Naturally, this means that this chemical is stored on the plant and potentially this may cause an accident if this chemical is not stored in accordance with the existing norms and standards. Also, chlorine may cause serious health problems if it is not properly used in the process of disinfection of swimming pools water that may affect people that are directly involved in this process or that have access to this pool.

On the other hand, it is not only storage or misuse of chlorine that may cause an accident or produce a negative impact on human health and environment, but it is also necessary to remember about the possibility of an accident during the transportation of the chemical. In this respect, it is possible to mention the chlorine release in Glendale, Arizona during a rail car unloading operation (DPC Enterprise Chlorine Release). Such an accident could occur everywhere, including the IUB area.

The vulnerability of people to the threat

In such a situation, it is obvious that potentially practically all people may be exposed to the threat of the release of chlorine and its impact on their health. At the same time, it should be said that the effect of chlorine on human health may be extremely negative. Potentially, it may result in the death of people that are exposed to the impact of chlorine. Basically, chlorine affects the respiratory system of human body, though it also affects other organs, especially eyes. This is why people need to be protected from the impact of this chemical element, otherwise, they may have serious health problems or even die. In addition, chlorine produce a negative impact on the environment too because it change the gas balance in atmosphere destroying plants and killing animals that are affected by chlorine.

Speaking about the number of people and area that may be affected by chlorine threat, it should be said that it totally depends on the scale of the accident. To put it more precisely, it may be an accident with the misuse of chlorine during the disinfection of the water in a swimming pool that will affect only people that are directly involved in the procedure of disinfection or who used the swimming pool. On the other hand, it may be an accident on the plant leading to the release of chlorine that will affect not only the plant and its personnel but also nearby areas affecting all people living nearby, while the accident during transportation may occur anywhere and anytime affecting the nearby territory. It is also necessary to take into consideration such factors as wind, for instance, which can spread chlorine in certain direction and the stronger is the wind the further the chemical will be spread.

The plan of actions

Obviously, in the case of accident involving chlorine, it is necessary to start actions immediately. However, it is extremely to strictly follow the existing norms, standards, and regulations concerning the storage, transportation, and use of chlorine because it is much easier to prevent the disaster than cope with its consequences. In this respect, it should be said that people should be informed about the potential threat and they should be prepared for the accident. It is important that the area and even individual households had special rooms or facilities where people could be secured and protected from the negative impact of chlorine.

Nevertheless, if the accident occurs, it is primarily necessary to inform people about the accident. In this regard, the signal system developed in the IUB may be very effective because the use of sirens may immediately inform people about the potential threat (Monroe County). As soon as people receive the information or are warned about the threat they should get into the specially prepared facilities where they could be protected from the negative impact of chlorine. However, if such special facilities are not available, people should stay indoors and close all doors, windows in order to prevent the access of chlorine into their houses. It is recommended to move to the highest point in the house and the less windows and doors there is in the room the better because the access of chlorine will be minimal. It is also possible to cover doors and windows with blanket, which could be an extra protection from the possible penetration of chlorine. Ideally, it is recommended to have a gas mask at hand. Finally, it is necessary to stay at a secure place as long as the accident and its effects are not eliminated.

Conclusion

Thus, it is obvious that it is necessary to get prepared to possible accident involving chlorine because this chemical element is very dangerous and, at the same time, it is extremely widely spread. It is really difficult to predict when an accident can occur, but it is necessary to have a clear plan of actions in order to respond to the accident effectively.

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Dissertation on Prostitution

2012-03-02T06:03:00.000-08:00

Dissertation on Prostitution

As long as there has been supply and demand, sex has sold. The average arrest, court and incarceration costs today amount to nearly $2,000 per arrest. Cities spend an average of 7.5 million dollars on prostitution control every year, ranging from 1 million to 23 million dollars. Prostitution being a public order crime, it is important to learn about the different types that effect our communities.

1) The first type I will discuss is the streetwalker. This is the most common form, and the most stereotypical form of prostitution. They live an extremely tough life, age quickly, and have pimps (a companion-master of the prostitute). Due to their visibility and aggressive nature about propositioning, they are most often arrested by police.

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Of all the prostitutes they are the least attractive, lowest paid, and the most vulnerable men and women in the business. Many are impoverished minorities, and young runaways fleeing from sexually and physically abusive homes with very little education. Of those who survive learn specific strategies to promote survival, such strategies include refusing to trade sex for drugs, or refusing clients they consider dangerous or distasteful (Siegal, 2003).

2) Skeezers or strawberry prostitutes use their money from sex to support their drug habits. They are more likely than other prostitutes to be victims of extreme forms of violence (Siegal, 2003).

3) Bargirls hang out at bars, usually one at a time, drink and wait for customers. They usually have an agreement with the bartender (Siegal, 2003).

4) Brothels are large establishments usually run by madams that house several prostitutes known as Brothel Prostitutes. A madam is usually a woman and takes on a more professional role than her pimp counterpart. Her cut is usually 40 to 60 percent of a prostitute's earnings. The prostitutes are usually in good health due to regular testing, are thoroughly trained, and due to the high house security relatively safe (Siegal, 2003).

5) Call girls are the most expensive and exclusive form of prostitution and can bet more than $100,000 per year. The girls are higher quality stemming from middle class backgrounds servicing upper class customers. The focus here isnÃ¢â‚¬â„¢t just sex for money but a date where the customer is made to feel bothel important and attractive. Call girls work exclusively via telephone. The entertainment of sorts takes place in the girlÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s apartment or the clients. Even though a lucrative business with no pimp or madam to boost security these girls take a high risk (Siegal, 2003).

6) In Las Vegas 134 pages in the phone book are dedicated to escort services or call houses. The client will call and request a male or female sex worker. The call house is half brothel and half call girl service. The madam receives the call and if satisfied in finding the customer acceptable arranges a meeting for the client and one of her workers. The difference being that the prostitutes is on call rather than living together in a house. Since the madam never meets the client, legally speaking, this role is much safer for the madam (Siegal, 2003).

7) Circuit Travelers travel in groups of 2 to 3 to different labor camps (NC seasonal workers), especially right after payday. They can service a whole crew and leave in one night. Sometimes young girls are forced into this work under threat of violence by their pimps, charging $20 a girl and only paying her $3 (Siegal, 2003).

8)Massage Parlors are a place where massages as well as sexual services can be purchased. Masseuses usually offer oral sex and manual stimulation and it us highly unusual for her to perform many of the acts of other prostitutes, such as intercourse (Seigal, 2003).

9) A baby pro is another name for a child prostitute under the age of 16.

10) Convention Prostitutes usually have a wealth of information on the convention topic, and usually work out of larger cities.

11) The last type of prostitute I will discuss are male prostitutes, (a.k.a. gigolos, hustlers, callboys, kept boys). The most common form of male prostitution is the male escort. The male prostitute usually services male clients. A gigolo is usually a young man with an older woman while kept boys refer to older men keeping a young man. Both portray a sugar daddy or sugar momma relationship (Calhoun, 1995).

The male street hustler is the most visible of the male prostitute, because he often operates on street corners, out of bus terminals, or in hotel lobbies. Unlike the callboy who either operates alone or by advertisement in an under ground newspaper or works with a pimp, the street hustler neither advertises nor works for anyone else (Calhoun, 1995).

I hope this paper has thoroughly explained the different types of prostitutes working today. Sex is a lucrative business ever growing and flourishing with the changing of sex roles, identities, and as technology booms so to I predict with the different types of prostitution.

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Dissertation on Liberalism

2012-03-02T06:00:00.001-08:00

Dissertation on Liberalism

North American society has been changing in its social and economic spectrum over the past two decades. In turn, the current political ideological viewpoints of liberalism have digressed toward those of John Locke and John Stuart Mill of the eighteenth century in order to compensate for these changes. Reform liberalism, the popular political ideology at that time, was insufficient to deal with the problems that were arising due to these social shifts. Society's recent turn toward classical liberalism in particular can be explained with the discussion of the main concepts on which classical liberalism is based.

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Classical liberalism is composed of many ideologies that are shared by both it and reform liberalism. Reform liberalism grew from classical liberalism because of the limited nature that the classical liberal ideologies possess. The nature of classical liberalism can be viewed as limited in a negative or a positive light depending on who is being subjected to it. The presence of the government can be interpreted as helping or detrimental. Classical liberals choose to view the state as more harmful than helping and therefore choose to promote the idea of limited government, which will be discussed further as it pertains to the economy and other social matters. Classical liberalism also promotes an ideology in which people believe in the absolute freedom from coercion by the government and in all other aspects of a person's life. This negative liberty is a major downfall of the existence of government, according to classical liberals. In the eighteenth century, when liberalism began, the monarchy was totalitarian in nature and gave rise to an ideology that saw the state as a threat to freedom and equality. Classical liberals believe in the equality of right, while reform liberals believe in the equality of opportunity. Equality of right is the right for every individual to have the same claim to the same resources such as jobs and income. Equality of opportunity describes the ideology in which everyone is given the resources that they need in the beginning to ensure a fair competitive environment later on. Another ideology that both classical liberalism and reform liberalism have in common is the need for the consent of the governed. Those who are being led by the state must be of a majority agreement regarding the credibility of the ruling party. The classical and reform liberal ideologies disagree with respect to the breadth of the population that is valid in providing their consent. Reform liberals feel that a larger group is necessary while the classical liberals are satisfied with a smaller group in comparison.

Classical liberals believe that society should be left to itself on all matters except for those concerning the protection of people from the harm of other people. This suggests that the state should take on a "nightwatchman" entity and keep its contributions in a minimal respect. One single entity cannot be expected to successfully direct a complex society as well as it can direct itself. The works of Milton Friedman and Friedrich Hayek propose that people have to live in communities to survive and that the best way to ensure the common welfare of everyone is to work collectively to achieve the common goal of freedom. Classical liberals acknowledge that there will inevitably be a gross inequality of wealth in this situation, but that it is necessary for equality of right to exist. In this system, everyone must live under the same rules, which does not ensure that living under these rules will produce the same outcome for all members of society. Inevitably, some will have more than others. This will create an economic gap and in doing so, will help to feed the common desire for each individual to increase their overall worth. Without this gap, people will not have the incentive to better themselves since the state would supposedly ensure that their economic position would be secure enough to remain average.

Classical liberalism is associated with the free market in the economic sphere. The idea that people will be best able to thrive if they are subject to free competition in the market and therefore free from government control in that respect (limited government). The purpose of the government in the free market is to enforce the laws and regulations that enable the free market to take place to ensure that the people's property is protected. This theory is important in realizing why a government would propose a "laissez-faire" situation.

The liberal government in Canada is more of a conglomerate of the two classical and reform liberal ideologies that existed in the past. The leaders of the liberal party can change the genre of ideology toward which they lean if the state of society deems it necessary. The economy in the eighties and nineties has been dwindling compared to the booming economic growth in prior years. Many other problems were arising such as increased welfare dependancies and the eruption of violence in inner cities. The liberal reform government of the early eighties was unable to solve these problems through their current policies, so classical liberalism fell back into favor. The Canadian leaders during the era, Jean Chretien and Brian Mulroney, cut spending in the public sector to facilitate the expansion of the private sector. This increase in the development of the private sector was good for the economy in this sordid time. Another policy that the classical liberal government in Canada in the eighties and nineties implemented to increase the development of the private sector was the systematic cutting of taxes when is it possible. The Chretien government even dismantled some of the participatory programs set in place by Trudeau, whose party was leaning toward reform liberalism before the Chretien government came into power. These actions brought about the desired changes that were necessary for the economy and were examples of limited government. With the exception of a decrease in taxes, the public seems to see these actions in a negative light. The cutting of funding in areas such as education and health care are never smiles upon by the governed partly because they fail to see the big picture and are focused on their own immediate welfare. These actions are also being used by competitive parties to win taxpayer votes in recent electoral campaigns. The classical liberal government is being portrayed as having destroyed all of the hard work of the pre-nineteen eighties' elected officials. If the liberal caucus wishes to be successful in winning the majority in the 2003 provincial elections, they will have to work hard to vindicate their actions by helping citizens to see that limited government does not mean limited gain.

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American History Dissertation

2012-03-01T06:05:00.000-08:00

Dissertation on American History

The war of the North American colonies for independence (1775-1783) was the natural result of the complex processes that occur both in America and in England itself. By the middle of the XVIII century, colonies have grown significantly in economic terms, domestic trade has been established, former economic fragmentation and isolation have been overcame. In essence, they were no longer dependent on the supply of the metropolis, as they had their own navy, inexhaustible reserves of the forests and fertile land; planters produced a tobacco, rice, indigo for export; attempts were made to plant cotton. Although the colonies belonged to England, people migrated there from almost all European countries and the vast majority of immigrants belonged to the labor force, mainly, to Ireland and Germany.

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In the XVII century, most colonists were in need of care metropolis. However, it was concerned about a solution of its own internal problems such as the fight between the king and the parliament, revolution, Stewart restoration. In the XVIII century, everything turned out to the opposite. Colonies were ready for independence but Britain, having stabilized internally and having won France in the Seven Years War, became the powerful mistress of North America, Canada, attaching other French lands.

Metropolis attempts to restrict free enterprise in the colonies and to subordinate it to metropolis’s interests created economic opportunities for the War of Independence. In the second half of the XVII century and in the first decades of the XVIII century, it was issued a series of parliamentary acts that regulated foreign trade colonies(Tindall, 113).

The act written in 1763 that prohibited migration to the west of Appalachian Mountains had to keep colonists in some administrative boundaries of the land monopoly of the King and Lords-owners that tried to increase quits-rents.

Moreover, the British Government was concerned about finding funds for the support of the bulged administration of the colonial empire and troops located there. For this in 1764 there were imposed new duties on some goods(Reynolds, 139).

Unlike previous regulations, this law affects almost all the colonists because the registration of any documents and the issuance of publications were subject to stamp duty. The adoption by the Parliament led to the first outbreak of violent protests in the colonies. The movement against stamp duty was held under the slogan of „no taxation without representation”. Colonists outraged not the severity of the tax; it was not wasting. However, the very fact of its imposition by Parliament, in which there were no representatives of the North American colonies. For the first time in American history electrify masses went on the streets of cities.

At the same time, it was increased agricultural movement against feudal obligations that have taken an especially large magnitude in the colonies of New York, North, and South Carolina. Troops dispersed throughout the colonies could not close the western border against the squatters. In the early 70’s of the XVIII century, guerrilla struggle was unfolded in the Green Mountains, which were then cross-border area of the current state Vermont. Farmers and rural populations along with part of the townspeople were the bulk of future fighters for independence, although the forces of those and others were still divided (Reynolds, 139).

A stamp duty has been replaced with new custom duties, but it failed to make peace in the colony. In Boston, March 5, 1770 townspeople clashed with British soldiers who, in defense, had killed and wounded several people. «Sons of Liberty» successfully used the «policy of the street» and clumsy actions of British authorities to incite a discontent. It has become applied the tactics of collective boycott against imported British goods, own searches of the suspects in collusion with the authorities, but without the killing and bloodshed. One of the most active troublemakers was Boston servant Samuel Adams. In 1773, the group of colonists at his initiative having changed to the Indians had thrown at the bottom of Boston Harbor a consignment of English tea („Boston Tea”).

England has reinforced the pressure by moving to the steep administrative actions against Massachusetts, closing the Boston port, and attaching the American north-west to its province of Quebec (Canada). Patriotic circles across the country were opposed to these “intolerable acts”. In 1774 in Philadelphia, there was the first Continental Congress. It was the council of representatives of the colonies, the same council was held in 1765 about The Stamp Act. As of „Declaration of the Rights” refers to the right of colonists to govern themselves as well as the „life, liberty and property rights’. This was not the proclamation of independence yet, although the country teetered on the verge of it(Tindall, 146).

The war began spontaneously April 19, 1775, when English-chief in America, General Gage, ordered to seize a weapons depot arranged patriots not far from Boston and to arrest the leaders of the „conspirators”. Sent by him the regiment engaged in battle with armed farmers in the area of Lexington and Concord. Initially the Englishmen had overweight. However, driving back, when the leaders of the patriots were able to escape in advance, as some of the weapons had been removed, they were fired continuously by local residents from all kinds of shelters. Having lost a third of the soldiers, the regiment hardly reached Boston. The first battle of the War of Independence was good for the patriotic forces.

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Dissertation on Mexican Immigration

2012-02-27T07:37:00.000-08:00

Dissertation on Mexican Immigration to the United States

America, as the saying goes, is a nation of immigrants. So are other countries, perhaps all other countries, if one delves back far enough into the prehistory of human wanderings. The flow of immigration in the contemporary history of the United States is not similar to traditional patterns of immigration occurred before. Europe accounts for only about 13 percent of the recent immigrants (Tichenor, 2002). Central and South American and Caribbean countries send significant numbers, as do several Asian countries. Immigration into the United States is now overwhelmingly from the third world. From the statistical and practical perspectives, the largest number of immigrants is coming from Mexico, and these immigrants, both conventional and illegal, represent an oppressed population.

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Scholars and specialists on immigration have approached the subject from many perspectives. Some use economic models, some sociological. Some studies focus on social change at a large-scale level, some on individual decision making. Some are historical, others are ethnographic and still others are abstract and even mathematical. Interestingly, the experience of Mexican immigration has led social scientists to develop new theories of immigration that focus on family decision making (Monto, 1994). More than any other stream of immigrants in American history, Mexicans come to the United States without breaking their personal and family connections at home. Many travel back and forth across the border frequently. They come to the United States intending not to make a permanent home but to increase their incomes to make better lives for themselves and their families in Mexico. Many urban and rural communities in the Southwest are now dominated by people who feel a more permanent commitment to Mexico than to the United States - and, correspondingly, many communities in Mexico are populated by a majority of people who have spent some significant part of their lives in the United States (Monto, 1994).

The United States shares a 2,000-mile border with Mexico. In the nineteenth century, the United States annexed almost half of Mexican territory, and the Mexican population with it. Mexico has sent people across its shifting northern border at least since the time that statistics were first gathered. The latest period, however, has seen a huge increase in Mexican immigration. From 1961 through 1993, over 4 million Mexicans arrived legally, or 21 percent of the total documented immigration into the country (Tichenor, 2002). When the undocumented arrivals are factored in, the Mexican share of immigration in the fourth wave is well above one-quarter.

Most Mexicans come into California or the southwestern states, particularly Texas - both of which were formerly part of Mexico. Over most of American history, a majority of Mexican immigrants provided agricultural labor. In this respect, the Mexican immigrants differed from the Europeans, whose backgrounds were often rural but who immigrated to American cities. An acute labor shortage in the fields of the Southwest during World War II led to the American and the Mexican governments’ negotiating the Bracero program (Monto, 1994). Under this program, Mexicans entered the country temporarily in order to provide seasonal agricultural labor. They were guaranteed certain standards of wages and working conditions (although, in practice, the guarantees often failed), and they returned to Mexico after the work was finished. The program was dropped between 1947 and 1951 and then resumed again until 1964 (Monto, 1994). In peak years, it brought almost half a million workers to the United States.

The Bracero program ended, but the demand for Mexican workers did not. Immigration, both legal and illegal, grew from the 1960s until the present. The border became porous, with people moving back and forth across it. In earlier periods, Mexican migrants were concentrated in certain specific sending communities, but over time, the appeal of emigration has broadened. The 1980s and 1990s have seen “a significant flow into the United States of non-Spanish-speaking Indians from Mexico, the largest group being Mixtecs from the southern state of Oaxaca” (Zabin et al, 1993, p.51).

In the United States, Latinos have become the second-largest ethnic minority group - and Mexican Americans constitute the largest number of Latinos (Tichenor, 2002). Mexican Americans remain concentrated in California and the Southwest, where they have a major effect on the culture. Native Mexican Americans, or Chicanos, along with Mexican immigrants, provide the largest share of agricultural labor in the region. The struggles of the United Farm Workers, under the charismatic leadership of the late Cesar Chavez, to organize them and improve their living conditions caught the imagination and sympathy of much of the country. Still, Mexican immigrants, and the Mexican American population generally, are no longer predominantly agricultural (Monto, 1994). Like other immigrant ethnic groups, they have moved to the cities. Los Angeles has become a principal center of Mexican population especially East Los Angeles and, increasingly, the formerly predominantly African American area of South Central Los Angeles.

With a few exceptions, countries «specialize» in the types of immigrants they send to the United States. The principal exception is Mexico, which ranks first in both conventional and illegal immigrants (and many legal immigrants from Mexico have had one or more previous periods of U.S. residence as undocumented immigrants) (Tichenor, 2002). Still, of the total immigration during the 1980s from Mexico, El Salvador and Guatemala, only 30 percent was legal, and 70 percent was undocumented, according to the most informed demographic analysis (Fix and Passel, 1994).

The sources of conventional immigration are spread broadly, with a concentration in the Caribbean region (Mexico, the Dominican Republic and El Salvador) and Asia (the Philippines, China, India and Korea). Although Mexico is the largest single source, it does not dominate. In 1993, the top ten countries sent just 58 percent of the total conventional immigrants (Tichenor, 2002). People move to the United States for a variety of reasons. Part of the fascination of learning about the subject is to begin to understand the variety, not to try to reduce it to a single cause. Jorge Durand and Douglas Massey illustrated this particularly clearly in the case of Mexican immigration to the United States (Durand and Massey, 1992). In a review of studies of thirty seven Mexican communities, they found enormous differences. Some migrants came from relatively stable communities, others from disrupted communities (Durand and Massey, 1992). Some intended to leave Mexico for good, others for only a brief time. Some migrants were from the poorest stratum of their communities; others were relatively prosperous. Some owned land at home, some did not and some used their U.S. earnings to purchase land. In some cases, the commercialization of local agriculture opened new options to poor people and therefore reduced immigration to the United States; in other cases, commercialization led to unemployment, deprivation, and more emigration (Durand and Massey, 1992). Some communities sent almost exclusively adult men to the United States, whereas others sent balanced groups of women and children along with the men (Durand and Massey, 1992). In some Mexican communities, a majority of the people had migrated to the United States at some point in their lives, and in other communities only a small minority. Among the thirty-seven communities, almost every possible pattern was found. Durand and Massey concluded that “the social structures of individual communities differ greatly, that it is the interaction of community structure with individual and family preferences that leads to the decision to migrate and that therefore a large number of different patterns and causes naturally emerge” (Durand and Massey, 1992, p.92).

At current moment, there are about 10 to 11 million illegal migrants in the United States who are doing the jobs most Americans rather not do (Toro-Morn & Alicea, 2004). Some people suggest that the illegal immigrants should all be deported, but they do not realize the severe economic consequences this would cause America and it’s employers. Reforms have been attempted in order to create a solution, but it seems as though nothing has actually solved the problem. President Bush addressed the situation by sharing a proposal for reforming immigration laws. President Bush wants to create a “guest-worker” program that “would go hand in hand with a stiffer, more improved border security program” (Toro-Morn & Alicea, 2004, p.91-92). Bush also added that U.S. employers have to demonstrate that no American workers are willing to do a job before it can offer it to a person under the “guest-worker” program. Those under this program are not guaranteed to not be deported at the end of their “guest-worker” period. This program would help strengthen security because it would create identification cards that would allow authorities to keep track of everyone under this program. Simultaneously, the Senate Judiciary Committee has proposed its own measure by Senators John McCain and Edward Kennedy (Toro-Morn & Alicea, 2004). The idea they posses, which is similar to Bush’s, would allow current illegal immigrants to stay in the U.S., pay a fee, and apply for the “guest-worker” program. This plan would allow about 400,000 new “guest-workers” into the country each year and after six years of living and working in America they would be able to apply for U.S. citizenship (Toro-Morn & Alicea, 2004). The proposal that was supported by Bill Frist, the Senate Majority Leader, and the one supported by the House of Representatives would reform the system in a much stricter fashion (Toro-Morn & Alicea, 2004). Their proposal would make illegal immigrants felons, increase the penalties on U.S. employers who hire these illegal immigrants, and would take a huge step at improving border control. The idea is to construct a fence along one-third of the Mexican border in hopes that it will prevent people from easily crossing the border.

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Hedda Gabler Dissertation

2012-02-27T07:34:00.000-08:00

Dissertation on Hedda Gabler

Hedda Gabler is one of the most remarkable female characters created by playwrights. Due to her unconventional behaviour and defiance of stereotypical female behaviour patterns, this character received a strong reaction from critics. Some noted that she has almost demonic power and misrepresents real women with her pervert art at manipulation of people. Thus, A Norwegian critic labelled her a “monster created by the author in the form of a woman who has no counterpart in the real world,” and Hjalmer Boyeson named Hedda “a complete perversion of womanhood” (CUNY, 2005). The opposing view was to treat her as a New Woman, in the understanding of the critic Gail Finney, with emphasis on self-fulfilment, belief in equality, openness about her sexuality, good education, career emphasis, and preference of comfortable clothing. Analysis of the play reveals, however, that Hedda fits this ideal only in some aspects, missing many important traits of a New Woman.

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The drive to be independent is clearly visible in Hedda’s behaviour. Many critics have noted that she preserves her maiden name that stands in the title of the play, while conventionally she has to be called Hedda Tesman, not Gabler. He (2001), for instance, believes that the us of the name Gabler “highlights not only Hedda’s aristocratic family background (her father is a general) but also her close association with the upperclass standard of living, both materially and spiritually”. However, it seems possible to use a different explanation for the reversal of names: Hedda maintains independence and autonomy from her husband, keeping the name that stands for what she was since childhood.

Hedda certainly remains intellectually and morally independent of her husband’s influence, partly because he is not a strong enough personality to influence a woman like her and partly because she is totally unable to develop an emotional bond with him or anybody else, for that matter. She certainly does her best to underscore this independence from Tesman. Thus, in Act 3, when Tesman rejoices about their improved prospects since Lovberg drops out of the competition for a professor’s position, she retorts: “Our way? Pray leave me out of the question”. Lack of emotional attachment for her husband makes her indeed see her own living as totally separated from his own; she chooses to be with him as long as it suits her intention of being a mistress of the house entertaining the local jet set; she keeps in mind that “it was part of our compact that we were to go into society--to keep open house” (Act 1). This detachment makes her likely to manipulate her husband as an object, thus she seriously considers if she can one day “get Tesman to go into politics” (Act 1).

Thus, Hedda is indeed independent, but what about self-fulfilment? The matter is that Hedda does not have any stated purpose for self-fulfilment. She not only shuns motherhood; she does not feel any interest in any social or intellectual pursuit that would give her life a meaning. This partly stems from Hedda’s passionate denial of any attachment to anything: “No responsibilities for me!” (Act 2). The big reason is that she is deprived of any passion for anything. In a conversation with Judge Brack, she admits that she can only “bore herself to death” (Act 2). This quality was underscored by F.L.Lucas in his 1962 analysis of the play where he names Hedda “the idle, emancipated woman--and what she is to do with her emancipation, the devil only knows” (CUNY, 2005).

So, Hedda is emancipated indeed, and in this she seemingly fits into the mould of the New Woman. Still, although seeking equality with men and independence, she is not interested in being financially independent and intends to depend on her husband for money. A woman, in Hedda’s conviction, has to sell herself to men at a high price. She reflects this belief when she says to Mrs. Elvsted that the fact that she is not “expensive” is “stupid” is her (Act 1). Besides, apart from this emancipation, she demonstrates few of the qualities desired by Gail Finney in her definition of a New Woman. Throughout the play, it becomes evident that Hedda possesses a brilliant mind allowing her to manipulate Tesman, Mrs. Elvsted and Ejlert with devilish skill.

Education, nevertheless, does not show anywhere. One can deduce that Hedda is probably a woman whose circle of interests is rather narrow. Thus, on her wedding trip with Tesman, she complains that she was extremely bored as she had to “hear of nothing but the history of civilisation, morning, noon, and night” (Act 2). Considering that Tesman, with his dedication to work and enthusiasm was not probably the worst story-teller, this reaction seems overdrawn even for a woman frustrated with her marriage. Anyway, it seems that Hedda does not have any interests that could have appeared to fill her life if she had received a good education. Thus, waiting for guests, she bothers herself with the question: “What in heaven’s name would you have me do with myself?” (Act 2).

As a result, Hedda does not have a job or any other social activity that could fill her days and let her use her potential. Asked by Judge Brack about the possibility to find a vocation in her life, she replies with a pessimistic phrase “Heaven knows what sort of a vocation that could be” (Act 2). Indeed, the only pursuit for Hedda Gabler seems to be sitting in the room and receiving guests, spending her husband’s money. One can suppose that an academician like Tesman would hardly object to a wife engaged in some charitable activity or even taking up a real job – it is just that Hedda is not so much a New Woman to care for any serious occupation.

The play does not really contain any indication that Hedda displays openly her sexuality. One can even suppose that she does not have an intense sexual drive, using men mostly as objects for manipulation. To do this, she can use their sexualities, but seems to be guarding her own. She is also afraid that Judge Brack may use his powers to “to manipulate her sexually” (He 2001). In fact, she is afraid of him being “the only cock in the yard” (Act 3).Thus, she does not seem to demonstrate much openness about her sexual life; instead, she uses the realization of these impulses in men to establish her domination over them.

Speaking of manner of dressing, Hedda is not the one to give up elegant attire in favour of comfortable bulky stuff. Since her life is focused on being a lady of the world and attracting men, she is willing to spend hours in her room changing her dress before the reception (Act 2). At her appearance, her dress is described as “a tasteful, somewhat loose-fitting morning gown” (Act 1).

Thus, Hedda Gabler does not live up to the ideal of a New Woman. She is successful only in one point – she is really independent of men and emotional attachment, unwilling to turn hers into a life of self-sacrifice.

However, she fails to devote her life to self-fulfillment simply because of lack of ideals that she could seek to fulfil. Possessing neither strong intellectual interests that appear with a good education, nor vocation that could give her a job, she is reduced to hopeless attempts to establish herself in her “select” circle. Her crisis is not one of the New Woman who does not fit into a traditional environment, but one of an empty personality who finds little interest in life going on around.

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Ethics in Auditing Dissertation

2012-02-23T07:42:00.000-08:00

Ethics in Auditing Dissertation

Abstract

Accounting auditing is at the center of concern about ethical financial reporting. Due to infamous cases of the fraud committed by Enron, Worldcom and other corporations, which is actually seen by some as a major threat to the economy of the United States (Doost & Fishman, 2004), poor ethical practice can lead to investor disaffection and possible desertion of the securities market. From the critical perspective, no profession can long ignore its own ethical standards and expect to avoid problem like the Arthur Andersen-Enron debacle that is why issues of ethics in auditing are particularly important to address, assess and analyze. This dissertation paper aims to discuss major ideas of ethics in auditing, accounting and financial reporting, analyze the basic implication of Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX), and emphasize the need for development of ethical standards in auditing and financial reporting.

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Introduction: Ethics in Auditing as a part of Business Ethics

Business ethics is all too often trotted out only when needed and never mentioned if not needed, yet ethics is central to the practice of commerce and is certainly nearly as old. It should be pointed out that while ethics is as old as the practice of commerce itself so is the lack of ethics. Economic hardships might be blamed but fraud exists in abundance even during economic boom times. In fact fraud tends to increase during economic boom times as witnessed by the dot-Com boom of the late 1990’s. What drives this phenomenon? Fraud and its antecedents are rooted in values and the family’s role as a socializing force (Birchfield, 2004). Society and its tolerance of unethical behavior is also a factor. It is not simply a matter of poor family values, ineffective socialization or societal ambivalence that fuels fraud, but rather a willingness to allow some “corner-cutting” when it comes to accumulating wealth and position. Few would vigorously condemn the occasional white lie, yet it is this attitude of nonchalance that can lead to greater problems. Enterprise wide ethics is a challenge but it is its own reward, as well. Birchfield (2004) points out that ethics as an endeavor can be promoted, instilled and fully integrated into business practices at all levels. It does not follow that ethics not fully developed as a concept in familial socialization cannot be spawned in the halls of the enterprise.

To be sure some degree of coercion must accompany the installation of ethical practice in the enterprise, but it is still better to codify boundaries of behavior than to foster a laissez-faire corporate culture such as existed at Enron. Auditing ethical standards are not inimical, in this country or abroad, to the process of instilling an ethical enterprise wide environment (Grant, 2004). Good ethical practice can generate sound business process and this should lead to positive growth and profit. The good news is that ethical practice need not be hard to achieve. Ethics can be built into a corporation’s processes and culture provided that senior management is onboard with the goals and the costs that ethical practice entails. If the company’s leadership is uncertain about how to setup an enterprise wide ethical infrastructure, then a Chief Ethical Compliance Officer (CECO) might be in order (Daigneault, 2002). It may be advisable for the enterprise to create the CECO position anyway as a demonstration of overall commitment to ethical practice and to assure that day to day operations are conducted in accordance to an ethical code of conduct. Such a position may be particularly needed in a widely diversified enterprise.

Regardless of the above, one profession in need of an ethics transfusion is the accounting profession. This fact is all the more apparent due to the avalanche of accounting fraud cases in the last five years.

Accounting is a great profession in need of a revival in thought, purpose, and direction (Bunting, 2005). Only by proactively embracing such a revival can the profession look to future growth and a return to the top echelons of respectability. For a profession that once was the embodiment of the highest ethical and moral standards this statement is a far reaching indictment of all that has and can go wrong. No profession can long ignore its own ethical standards and expect to avoid problem like the Arthur Andersen-Enron debacle. Corporate culture can be significantly influenced by the accounting auditing profession as managers seek guidance from their internal auditor’s on various provisions of Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) and an ethical corporate culture can also greatly reduce financial misreporting (Castellano, Rosenzweig & Roehm, 2004). Certified Public Accountants (CPA) should be in the vanguard of the new era of ethical practice at the enterprise level.

Modern State of Accounting Audit Practice: Ethical Implications
Financial Reporting and Audit under Regulation of Sarbanes-Oxley Act

Accounting auditing is at the center of concern about ethical financial reporting. The problems created by the fraud surrounding Enron, Worldcom and other corporations is seen by some as a major threat to the economy of the United States (Doost & Fishman, 2004). Poor ethical practice can only lead to investor disaffection and possible desertion of the securities market. Only by restoring confidence in financial reporting can investor distrust be alleviated. One way to reduce this threat of investor disaffection is to combine enterprise risk management (ERM) with internal auditing to create ERM-based auditing (Matyjewicz & D’Arcangelo, 2004). ERM-based auditing includes (a) establishing and communicating the enterprise’s objectives, (b) determining the risk appetite of the enterprise, (c) establishing an appropriate risk management framework, (d) identifying risks, (e) assessing the probability of the risk occurring, (f) selecting the most effective way to deal with the risk, and (g) conducting control and response activities (Matyjewicz & D’Arcangelo, 2004). ERM based auditing therefore should help to strengthen internal auditing standards throughout the enterprise. Such an effect on internal auditing would be consistent with the requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley act (SOX) and the stated objectives of various stock exchanges, such as the New York Stock Exchange, who now require all organizations to have an internal audit function (McElveen, 2002).

The first audit report should establish the areas demanding management action and following review, a follow up process should be set up that assures that required actions are implemented (De La Rosa, 2005). There needs to be a link between the findings of the audit and ERM processes if effective ERM based auditing is to occur. The audit report should include (a) the objectives and scope of the audit, (b) conclusions and scores presented in a tabular format, (c) recommendations, and (d) action plans (De La Rosa). The auditor must take primary responsibility for formulating an audit report that is comprehensive and easy to follow. An ERM map can be used to (a) detail the uncovered weaknesses, (b) their probability of occurrence, (c) severity, and (d) degree of financial impact on the enterprise (De La Rosa). The final audit assessment is critical as it is the foundation of the corrective action plan. The auditor should be careful to document management’s interventions to correct the issues uncovered in the audit for future reference. Success or failure of the audit is directly tied to the partnership forged between the auditor and the senior management of the enterprise.

Auditing controls can exert considerable influence over the enterprise in ways that can substantially improve an understanding of accounting processes. Revenue recognition is one such accounting issue that demands careful scrutiny. SOX focuses on accurate revenue recognition, which is a key element in assuring financial reporting integrity through internal audit controls (Bean & Chambliss, 2003).

Revenue drivers have traditionally included earnings realizations and accruals versus matching revenues and expenses in the same period in which they occur. Such old school revenue drivers do not fare well in the more complex business climate of today nor do they stand up to the test of viability across multiple industries (Bean & Chambliss, 2003). It is necessary to carefully define revenues consistent with generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) and to control the reporting of those revenues. Internal auditors should review revenue reporting practices for the enterprise consistent with SOX requirements. These reviews should (a) analyze management’s objective achievement through pre-audit narratives, (b) examine internal control from the top down using questionnaires and interviews, and (c) observe the strategic planning process from multiple perspectives (Bean & Chambliss, 2003). ERM based auditing can substantially affect financial reporting integrity. It is the belief among many that over the next few years that the net effects of SOX will be reliable and accurate financial reporting through improved audit practice. The realization of this desirable goal must encompass strong audit controls.

Not surprisingly the SOX has had an extensive impact on auditing practices. Behavioral changes are rapidly emerging in the wake of SOX. One of these changes includes greater board of director independence and increased audit committees authority (Mullan, 2003). A board of directors independent of management can provide more effective oversight and serve as a natural foil for an irresponsible management team. The audit committee of the board of directors has increased significance under SOX, as well. This committee has increased importance under SOX and plays a central role in overseeing both the internal and external audit practice of the enterprise. Other behavioral changes encompass such areas as the reinvention of ethical business practices (Mullan, 2003). SOX not only encourages ethical business practices but it also demands it by the force of its various sections, not the least of which is section 302 requiring the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) and Chief Financial Officer (CFO) to certify the accuracy and completeness of the financial statement.

Internal auditors also see their roles changing with greater emphasis on internal control assessment and financial statement audits (Aldhizer, Cashell & Saylor, 2003). Section 404 of SOX requires management to provide a thorough and honest assessment of the internal control system of the enterprise. An interesting requirement of SOX is section 409, which requires that a current and rapid notice be issued by the enterprise concerning any material change in the financial position of the company. The auditor was never more important or more favorably positioned to affect extensive changes to the enterprise’s financial operations.

In the SOX age the internal auditing function has provided (a) business process analysis, (b) control testing, (c) risk management, (d) and forensic accounting. These valuable services underline how internal auditors have stepped up their services level to the modern enterprise. Auditing and ERM are a good fit for each other. The convergence of ERM and auditing has been brought about largely by the need to comply with SOX. The drive to achieve full SOX compliance has been intense as can be imagined. Some are concerned that the hyper attention given to SOX compliance may have distracted the internal auditor from their primary mission namely operational audits. Some displacement of effort may have taken place due largely to the complexity of SOX compliance activities. However, this shift of attention is not unusual since many new processes require a greater effort at the beginning of the implementation phase. What is of the greatest concern is the long-term effect of the new of SOX. Once the mechanisms of SOX compliance are mastered, internal auditors can offer more services in a broader spectrum such as comprehensive business analysis, risk management, and forensic accounting as mentioned above.

Expanded Role of AICPA

The American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) has facilitated the shift from business as usual to greater emphasis on auditing by prohibiting accounting firms from providing management consulting services to those firms that they also provide audit services (Reinstein, 2005). This provision prevents auditing firms from offering services that might produce conflicts of interest between auditing integrity and the financial relationship of auditor and audited enterprise. This change in position by the AICPA is an example of how the accounting profession is changing and in effect auditing itself. This degree of self policing is necessary to assure that the interests of the public are put above any other consideration. Sound audit practice as required by SOX law and the AICPA rules has also engendered ERM as a means to detect fraud in the public sector (Collins, 2004). These developments have had positive influences on the enterprise and on the accounting profession as a whole. These changes were also needed given the fact that many practitioners and observers of the audit profession feel that auditors had lost their objectively and needed to recapture that objectivity quickly (Shafer, Ketchaud & Morris, 2004). The AICPA act of taking a proactive approach has served to help lead the accounting profession back to a degree of respectability.

To Auditing Ethics through Compliance to SOX

SOX has brought concerns about quality audit practice into the mainstream of total quality management. Financial reporting matters are of increased importance today given the trial of the malefactors from Enron, Skilling and Lay. Obviously there is a greater appetite to pursue and punish corporate fraud wrong doers. Sound and honest internal audit practices coupled with the need for arms-length external auditing practices have finally been recognized as necessary components of total quality management. No enterprise can claim that it is committed to quality management principles without also committing itself to financial integrity. SOX has brought about many changes both intended and unintended. All of these changes have served to redirect the attention of corporate governance onto the topic of audit and enterprise risk management (Yakhou & Dorweiler, 2005). The need for a new system of enterprise governance may have been met with the ideal solution the convergence of ERM and audit practices.

SOX compliance involves in part an evaluation of the enterprise’s ethical environment. However, auditing the ethnical environment creates some unique challenges for the internal auditor (Sinason, 2005). Guidelines for ethical environment auditing include (a) review the written code of ethics, (b) review board of director meeting minutes, (c) review the job description of the chief ethical compliance officer, (d) review the job descriptions of all management positions, (e) review the procedures for reporting ethical violations, (f) review ethical violations reports sent to senior managers, (g) review the code of ethics reinforcement and display strategy (Sinason, 2005). The above may seem an odd set of guidelines for an internal auditor to follow, but there are no specific rules for reviewing ethical practice. Some of the above guidelines, however, are appropriate if the objective is to gauge actual behavior versus stated policy. It is necessary to determine if the managers responsible for ethical compliance are if fact being evaluated on these activities. One way to determine this is to look at the job descriptions of those positions. If the job description does not include statements about ethical guidance, then it is likely the manager may receive good evaluations without meeting this key objective. It should be equally obvious that ethical violation procedures and reports are important activities in an ethical enterprise. A comprehensive internal audit should review all of these areas. However, it would be naive to believe that changes in corporate governance, the emergence of ERM and changes in audit practice brought about by SOX have solved all of the problems inherent in financial reporting. Big four audit accounting practice may not be where it needs to be in order to restore confidence in financial reporting completely.

Recent inspections by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) point to a lack of good communication within the audit departments of the big four firms concerning the need to be extra vigilant in complying with SOX. The audit issues surrounding the big four accounting firms have brought about a departure of 38% of audit clients to middle tier accounting firms (Nixon, 2005).

Presumably the departure has been precipitated by concerns over SOX auditing requirements. Some of these departures were due in no small part to the increased work load SOX has created. What is needed is a vigorous promotion of enterprise wide values such as honesty, integrity, and devotion to serving the broader interests of the greater enterprise stakeholders. The emergence of responsible values along with ERM and renewed audit rigor has begun to change the enterprise landscape. Not only are accounting and auditor practices affected by SOX but information technology (IT) practices are effected as well. Security of Accounting information systems (AIS) and access controls have become major issues for IT operations as well. This is due to the opening up of the auditing perspective in reaction to SOX and ERM ranging from auditing standards for nonprofits and auditing techniques to improving security of financial management systems at all levels (Floch, 2004). The increased reliance of many enterprises on the Internet and security issues surrounding eCommerce activities and the accounting for such activities will be affected by SOX as well. Concern about fraud in financial reporting as affected IT control systems in far reaching ways. The application of Auditing Standards SAS 99 has forced a closer examination of AIS procedures and controls (Leinicke, Ostrosky, Rexroad, Baker & Beckman, 2005). Virtually every aspect of auditing has changes since SOX was introduced in 2002. These changes have served to bring the practice of auditing out of the back room and into the board room. Information technology (IT) management is also elevated in the era of SOX and ERM convergence (Brown & Nasuti, 2005). Security of IT information is essential for SOX compliance and ERM practice. The necessary security framework should integrate (a) IT structures, (b) IT processes, and (c) communications to create an enabling security focused organization (Brown & Nasuti, 2005).

Conclusion: Ethics in Auditing as a Pillar of Business

Ethics is a critical component of sound economic practice and cannot be relegated to the back seat of strategic thinking. Too many enterprises have relegated ethical thinking to a “use it only when needed” status. By no means is this misplacement of ethics only endemic in “for profit” businesses. All enterprises should consider the long range benefits the full integration of ethics into the strategic thinking process can affect. The question must be asked: By what means can ethical thinking be accomplished? Considering the focus over the last five years on accounting ethics, one way ethical thinking can be achieved, is by teaching accounting from a thoroughly ethical perspective (Esmond-Kiger, 2004). Such an approach includes more than simply teaching the dogma of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) or the catechism of moral behavior. What is needed is a humanistic and holistic approach to ethical education. Not humanistic from the stand point of situational ethics, but in the context of realistic human interaction. The prime directive must be do no harm and always place the well being of the investor above personal considerations. Universities must also make ethical education a completely seamless part of accounting school curricula. A major part of this movement toward high ethical standards is to teach Certified Public Accountants (CPAs) about serving the public interest first. It does reflect both the code of professional conduct of the Society of Certified Public Accountants and the tenants of the SOX law.

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Dissertation on Leadership

2012-02-22T04:57:00.000-08:00

Dissertation on Leadership

Today, in our highly-developed, globalized world one needs to be very strong to bear up the hardships and achieve personal goals. What is more important, that in the present day one should not only be strong and bright to achieve success but should also be able to stand out from the crowd. The world nowadays needs leaders who are dissimilar, ground-breaking and charismatic. Thus, it is very important for every person to try to discover the leadership skills hidden in him/her and make a full use of them. In my short paper I would like to discuss how the course on Leadership I have recently taken helped me improve my personality and leadership skills in particular.

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Since early age I have been a leader of the groups I was part of: the kindergarten, the elementary school, junior high, and now high school. I was an active member of councils and societies. I enjoyed taking up responsibilities and fulfilling the tasks. However, I have always felt that it was not enough to just be born with leadership skills, rather it was very important to discover them and purify them with the help of the associates and mentors. Due to this reason I was very eager to take the Leadership Course offered to us and indeed I did find the course very useful.

Throughout the course I have learnt how important it was to become a resonant leader and what the ways to achieve resonance were. I learnt that resonant leaders are emotionally intelligent people who can manage themselves and guide others even in ambiguous circumstances. Resonant leaders engage people's hearts and minds and create an overall sense of purpose and need for achievement. Such leaders influence people to do their best, and to work in collaboration with others. Moreover, they help people enjoy what they do and willing to take up responsibilities. Resonant leaders are not afraid of changes, moreover, they are willing to implement changes in order to achieve good results. Resonant leader, though being bright and charismatic, do not hesitate to turn to associates for advice require feedback from others at all times of working together.

With the knowledge obtained in the course I managed to change the way I was seen by others and improve my position within the peers. I have changed many of my attitudes and communication styles. I realized that the best way one can influence people in is to be known and trusted by them. It is vital to show the people that their interests are my interests and I would do all it takes to achieve what they want. From now on I will always try to create resonance in my relationship with others through positive, kind and trusting relationships. Also, I would try to be open-minded deeply committed to learning about myself and adjusting my behavior to the needs of others.

I find the mentioned above course very useful for my future life and career. I hope that in the future I will be able to implement more from the course in the real life.

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Dissertation on Change Management

2012-02-22T04:54:00.000-08:00

Change Management Dissertation

1. Introduction

People, environment and organizations are experiencing changes on the regular basis. People change their attitudes and beliefs, organizations change their structures, and it is all influenced by the constantly changing environment. Changes are not always for better, but the task of the change management is to see the opportunity in the future inevitable change and to prepare all its participants for it, so that the process went easily and smoothly. Therefore, change management is said to be the process or approach of changing people, groups of people and organizations from present state to the future expected one. Change management process can be as organizational, as well as individual. Both approaches have structured models of behavior.

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Management plays the dominant role in change management. Responsibility of management is to notice trends in the macro-environment and also in the micro-environment so as to be capable of defining changes and initiate future programs. It is also essential to evaluate what affect a change will likely have on behavior patterns of the employee, technological requirements, work processes and motivation. Management must foresee what employee possible reactions can be and formulate a change program that will give assistance as workers go through the adopting change process. The program must then be implemented, distributed among employees, monitored for efficiency, and adapted when necessary. Organizations live within an active environment that is subject to change due to the influence of different change «jump starters”, such as developing technologies. To continue to operate efficiently within this environmental random motion, organizations must be able to change themselves as an answer to internal and external changes.

Nevertheless, change will also influence individuals in the company or organization. Successful change management demands the realization of the possible change affects upon people, and how to manage feasible resistance sources to that change. Change can be said to happen where there is the discrepancy between the present state and the environment.

2. The Problem

When one of the theories of change management is supposed to be implemented on practice, first, of course, comes the problem that positions the obstacle for the present and future successful operations and overall activity. And basically it doesn’t matter what kind of problem hindered the development, as the necessary steps and the order remains the same with the only difference of quality and quantity of resources involved. In my situation the problem was of the following character.

Patients needing PEG (Percutaneous endoscopic Gastrostomy, i.e endoscopic insertion of a plastic tube through the stomach to give food for patients who can not swallow direct through the stomach) in a hospital don’t who have a nutrition team (AS IN MOST DISTRICT GENERAL HOSPITAL)have to wait longer time to be assessed and have access to the procedure.

In our hospital the procedure has to be ordered in a normal endoscopy request form, which is not specific for PEG, but is used to order any other routine endoscopic procedures. Ideally PEG request form should contain more details than a normal endoscopy form, as it is more invasive and entails more risk and high mortality.

Then the form is passed to one of the three Gastro consultants, then when he gets time he goes and assess the patient, if suitable the patient is listed on this named consultant list which could be the next week , although there might be a free slot for other consultants list on the same week.

This would cause delay for patients to have the appropriate procedure within the required time scale, resulting in delaying discharge, increased cost, and high risk of being malnourished resulting in being susceptible to other complication like pneumonia and sepsis, and even poor recovery and less regression of the initial problem (especially the stroke).

The problem was initially highlighted by a senior sister on the stroke ward, and brought to the attention of my consultant, where I offered to look into it.

When the problem is clearly stated, the next step is to find, develop and propose possible solution to it, which would benefit all participants of the future change in the fullest extent.

3. The Change

There are three basic dimensions of the strategic change, which include content (goals and purpose), implementation process that explains how all should be done, and finally context, which would take into account internal and external environment where the change would be implemented.

Pettigrew and Whipp claim that there is the continuous interplay between change dimensions. And the change implementation should also flexible to different circumstances and those who introduce changes should be ready to modify its content in the necessary manner. The change is successful when it is the result of interaction between change purpose and goals, change implementation and organizational context.

In order the change be successful, Pettigrew and Whipp conducted the research and proposed five change factors. The first one is called environmental assessment, which includes monitoring of both internal and external organizational environment on the continuous basis by means of open learning systems. The second factor concerns using human resources as assets and liabilities. As employees should be aware of that they are envisioned as valuable and they should also feel the trust and support of the company or organization. The third factor is linking strategic and operational change. It says that not all changes can be immediate and they are implemented though some time. Rather effective can be bundling of operational activities, which can lead to new strategic changes. The forth factor is leading the change. It involves moving organization ahead and creating new and appropriate climate for future change. It also includes activities coordination, steering, agenda setting not just for the change direction, but also for the appropriate values and vision.

So, we had a meeting with all the gastro consultants, stroke senior nurse, endoscopy senior nurses and manager. And during the meeting I suggested creating a new PEG referral form that contains all the details needed for the PEG to be accepted, and if agreed by any of the gastro consultant it could be done by any one of them and not necessarily that one who accepted it. Also we agreed that there should be at least one free slot for PEG each week.

4. Opposition

Change opposition or resistance is very spread in cases of change management, and therefore individuals and organizations should be ready for it and react adequately. Kotter and Schlesinger (1979) described four primary reasons why people can resist changes. The first reason is parochial self-interest, as there can be some people in the organization that are more self-centered and care primarily for the changes that would bring them personally benefit or profit, as well as care how the future changes would influence their own interests. They are not thinking about success of the organization in general. The second reason is misunderstanding, when people can get inadequate or false information about some facts, or the communication barriers between members can occur. The third reason is low tolerance to change, as some people just fear of change and uncertainties in future, and they prefer live in stability and feel secure, than accept changes. This is what Flanagan (1990) about people having fears and anxieties: “What happens beyond this point, however, is not so desirable. Most people have experienced the discomfort-maybe even embarrassment-of a dry mouth, shaky voice, pounding heart, sweaty hands, or wobbly legs, at some time or another. Everyone knows what it is to be frightened or worried about something; the «something» can be concrete, like a bill or illness, or less tangible, like the anticipation of a future unpleasantness--an exam, interview, or work deadline, for example”. And the final reason is about different assessments of the situation, as some employees can not agree with the reasons for future changes and with positives and negatives of the process of change.

So, in my situation, the difficulty was how to leave an empty slot on the endoscopy list, giving the pressure on the waiting times for routine and outpatient endoscopies and the need to reach national targets.

Also a consultant who does not assess the patient might not feel happy to do the procedure for the patient whose been assessed by somebody else.

Well, when there are obstacles on the way to change, it is essential to evaluate the benefits from the change implementation and inconveniences from change opposition, as in the long run it may occur that they are not so serious and can be easily managed.

Kotter and Schlezinger also proposed six change approaches to deal with change resistance or with obstacles to change. The first approach is education and communication, as when there is information deficiency or inadequate information and analysis. One of the most right ways to over come this problem is to educate and inform people about future changes in advance. And after that communicate with them and educate them so that they realize the logic and necessity in change efforts. This would reduce the level of rumors and incorrect information spread regarding the outcomes of the change results for the organization and its employees.

The second approach is involvement and participation. This approach is effective when those people who initiate changes do not possess all needed information for change design and implementation, and other people have enough power to resist those efforts. And it becomes obvious that when employees are being involve in the process of change and can impact with their own suggestions, they are more likely to desire that change then putting more obstacles on its way.

The third approach is facilitation and support. People usually have adjustment problems, when they resist changes. Management should be supportive to employees in any case and in each situation, and in such a manner it can prevent possible resistance. Support of management assists employees to cope with their anxiety, feeling of uncertainty and fear during the period of transition. It such case effective could be trainings, counseling, informal meetings with employees, etc.

The forth approach is about negotiation and agreement. Some people can lose out because of future change in this situation they can possess significant power to resist that change. Management can start the open fight with such people and tell them about what is good about change and that they should not resist it. This can be effective with some employees, and others can be just proposed to leave the company with some benefits, or retire. If such people do not want to experience change, they are not obliged to, and they are free to make the decision, which would correspond to their views and expectations. So, if it is possible to persuade the person or a group of people, it should be done. This approach can be effective when those who resist change are in the position of power.

The fifth approach is manipulation and co-optation. This approach is used in case when other tactics doesn’t work or on practice appear to be very expensive. Authors suggest another efficient manipulation technique that is to co-opt with those who resist change. This can be fulfilled by giving those people who resist the opportunity to participate actively in the activity of the change group.

Some of them can be even selected as leaders to participate in the decision-making process. Obviously those roles and decision-making power would be more symbolic and they should not pose threat to the general change process. And what is the most important with this approach, it that leaders or those people should not understand that they are being tricked, as if they realize that, they can push their resistance even further and it would be almost impossible to cope with it.

And the final approach concerns explicit and implicit coercion. In this approach speed is crucial factor, and this approach should be used only as the last resort. Management can implicitly and explicitly make employees to accept the coming change, by emphasizing that posing obstacles and resistance to change can result in dismissals, employee transfers, job losses, as well as absence of promotion.

5. Intervention

Well, I designed the form which included all the details needed, after consultation with everybody else a few changes were recommended, then the final version were accepted, and printed.

Then it was introduced to all the departments and colleagues and distributed to the wards, to be used instead of the normal endoscopy referral form.

It was planned to be uploaded to the intranet but it proved to be difficult and they are still working on it.

With my intervention I showed my vision of the change and made first steps towards its implementation. According to Richards Beckhard and Reuben T. Harris (1987) there is a change model or change equation that can give the fast first impression of the opportunities and conditions of change in organization. It was so historically developed that the Change Equation was envisioned as the main milestone for the sphere of Organizational Development. But the subject of Organizational Development is being constantly developed reacting to the needs and wants of employees. Such employees not just want to move their companies forward in terms of business goals, but also in terms of employees’ involvement in the process. And nowadays employers understand better the interconnection between success of the organization and employee involvement. To move employees to be involved in change, it is not necessary to force them, and even more- it will not work.

So, the formula of the change equation looks in the following manner: dissatisfaction multiplied with vision and first steps are greater than resistance to change. Therefore, obviously id any of three indices is zero or near zero, the final product will also be zero and change resistance will dominate.

6. Results

The form has speeded up the referral process, improved a better selection for the suitable patient for the PEG, although the pressure on the waiting lists has not made a creation of an empty slot possible, and still each consultant preferred to do the patient he assessed by himself. At the end more suitable patient and less inappropriate referrals were made.

7. Conclusion

In the conclusion I would like to summarize my practical experience and research findings regarding change management. First of all I must say that changes are undividable part of active business environment, which faces external, as well as internal challenges. Therefore employees and management should be ready not only to face those changes and implement appropriate programs, but also be ready for possible resistance and obstacles.

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Dissertation on Wuthering Heights

2012-02-20T08:39:00.000-08:00

Dissertation on Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, a story that would not usually be read by a person of my interests, definitely has its ways of drawing you away from the book at the same time bringing you deeply in. Pretty ironic I would say, but the perspective very much makes sense. Every story, every movie, every anything has their pros and cons, but my opinion of Wuthering Heights has a strange way of separating those factors. Referring to my first statement, when I say "a person of my interests," I mean to say that a person like me does not get too excited about love stories or any story that takes a long time to get a point across focusing too much on detail rather the reader's attention span. As a matter of fact, that's if this was even a love story. But It must be, besides all the hate, vengeance and cruelty, because all those feelings were because of love, and if this is just some twisted love triangle, Jerry Springer has nothing on it.

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Though talking about the type of person I am may sound irrelevant, there is a connection with this review. How can you accept a review from someone if you don't know what type of person the reviewer is? The reviewer may be nothing like you, so you cannot take his or her opinion into consideration. Saying this, if you are the type of person a reviewer is, read on and take their opinion into consideration and if you are not, you can do two things, either throw away the review or you can just read on anyway out of curiosity for kicks. "This is a strange book.

It is not without evidences of considerable power: but, as a whole, it is wild, confused; disjointed, and improbable; and the people who make up the drama, which is tragic enough in its consequences, are savages ruder than those who live before the days of Homer." (Examiner 285). Great way to start off a review. It gives a big bang and draws me in immediately, but its a shame that I can't take this opinion into consideration. As said, I don't know this examiner, who he/she is, nor have I read any of their reviews on other books that I've read.

This is the first review that I read from them so to take their perspective maybe appealing by the way it started out, it would be blind. To compare it with the movie buff that I am, I always take a review into consideration before I see a movie. Now, I have never met the reviewers of whom I take their word for, but I definitely have heard enough to make my judgment. Their judgments were correct, right on the money, how I felt or thought about a movie was the same as the reviewer I took into consideration so I stay with the same reviewer because I know we think alike and are attracted to similar types of movies. There are a lot of old timer reviewers who bash on movies that I love.

Obviously we don't have the same interests, so why would I even listen to them. One of the big gripes I have with these reviews has to be that they drag just like the novel itself. Reading the reviews left me in question just as the book did after reading it. It's a lot like the reviews in modern day, many of them don't give a straight answer. Again, the "getting to the point" aspect of writing about something is crucial for my types. The majority of a review is talking about the novel and going into detail.

Why do they do this? When reading a review, it should state three things; quick general idea of the story, was it good or bad and why. You can plead your case without dissecting the book. "To all such "Wuthering Heights" must appear a rude and strange production." (Editor's Preface to the New Edition of Wuthering Heights (1850) 313). Must? Where are you going with that. And if it is a rude and strange production, is it a good thing? They start out like this, and then get into detail talking about the novel. This shouldn't be the point of a review. A review should be taken seriously only when you know of the reviewer.

Personally, the best reviewers that I have are friends who see or read something that I haven't yet, and they will give me a great review because they are like me. The other point is that reviews should give a straight answer, not just talking about a story, but giving an honest opinion. Many of the reviews that I have read for Wuthering Heights had similar approaches and similar endings leaving me with a question. So was it a good thing or bad thing? Did you like it or not? That's what I want to know, and that is the reason why I would read a novel. If I take your word for it, then I will read it and figure out what it is all about.

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This is a small excerpt from dissertation on Wuthering Heights topic. As free dissertation samples and dissertation proposal examples are plagiarized we recommend you not to use it in your own dissertation or thesis paper. Why not to get online dissertation writing help on Wuthering Heights from professional dissertation writing company? Top-rated PhD academic writers will write a custom dissertation on any topic and discipline from scratch!

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Dissertation on Coca Cola

2012-02-16T09:38:00.000-08:00

Dissertation on Coca Cola

The Coca-Cola's New Product

Today the way British people are associated with drinking tea American people are associated with drinking Coca-Cola. However, a correction must be made, not only people from the United States of America drink Coca-Cola but actually people from all over the world do. We read in the news that Coca Cola drinks contain drug participles that lead to addiction – but we still drink Coca-Cola. We hear that with every sip of the bubbly dark-brown Coca-Cola drink our liver bears the damage that later would not be restored, though we go to the next shop around the corner and buy Coca-Cola.

There is just something in this drink or maybe in the brand itself that attracts the customer and has him/her stick with it.

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In my paper I would like to first of all give the reader a brief insight into the history, marketing strategy, major and some other information about the Coca-Cola Company. Then, having introduced the company, I would like to shortly describe the main product of the Company that is Coke (or Cola), that is in fact my favorite. After that, I will suggest a new beverage that, in my opinion, would boost the revenues of the Coca-Cola Company.

Today the Coca-Cola Company is the best known and richest beverage company in the entire world, being mostly popular for its dark-brown carbonated Coca-Cola drink. The formula of the drink was invented by pharmacist John Stith Pemberton in 1886. The same year the Company was established as the J. S. Pemberton Medicine Company. This first Company was just a small partnership between Dr. John Stith Pemberton and Dr. Ed Holland. At that time the two doctors could never think that their idea would lead to such overwhelming success. Upon formation the Company launched only three products that were: Pemberton’s French Wine of Cola (that is the Coca-Cola known today), Pemberton’s Indian Queen Hair Dye, and Pemberton’s Globe Flower Cough Syrup (Reed, 1889).In 1889 the formula was bought from the original creator by Asa Candler who opened up a new Corporation in 1892 in Atlanta, Georgia.

Since 1892 the Coca-Cola Company had made a long and thorny way up the stairs of success. Today it offers nearly 400 brands in over 200 countries. The CEO of the Company is Muhtar Kent whose main motto is to make the Coca-Cola products present and bought everywhere. The Corporation operates in the following way: the bottlers around the world hold contracts with the company that are limited territorially. They bottle the finished product that is produced “from the concentrate in combination with filtered water and sweeteners” (Bellis). Then, the Coca-Cola products are sold, merchandised and distributed in the stores, bars, restaurants, and vending machines (Pendergrast, 2008, pp. 3-4). These and other activities help the Coca-Cola Corporation achieve the market capital of $140 billion (Coca-Cola Website, 2008).

In the Coca-Cola Company it is considered that innovation leads to success. As it is stated on the Company’s website, the innovation in the company is in the five main segments that are: Product, Packaging, Equipment, Marketing and Marketplace (Coca Cola Website, 2008). This can be interpreted as follows: the Company constantly comes up with new products; it puts a lot of effort in the eye-catching and ground-breaking design of packages; it invests millions into advertising and makes sure that the products are available everywhere they could be needed (Giebelhaus, 2008).

The marketing activities of the Company are so impressive that they have to be described in more details. The Coca-Cola Company has been operating for over a century and is flourishing. According to the business reports, it is currently in the renewal level of the post-maturity stage in the business life cycle (Giebelhaus, 2008). The beverages produced by the company are targeted at all the consumers, though there are some brands, which target specific consumers. Such brands are: Coca-Cola’s diet - created mainly for the people of older age, and PowerAde drink that is for people who try to stay fit and need a fresh drink during work outs.

The Coca-Cola Company uses its marketing strategies to distinguish its product from its competitors and gain the competitive advantage. The main source used to increase the awareness is the advertising (Giebelhaus, 2008). The most advertising of the Coca-Cola products is made on TV, this allows the company to reach the responsiveness of a large and diverse audience. People are motivated by the Company’s products with such slogans as “You know you want it” or “If you drink it, you get better of life”. In the Coca-Cola commercials there are always young, healthy, fit and sexually attractive people, who drive expensive cars, attend glamorous parties and drink Coca-Cola together with their attractive friends. Of course, the Company is also constantly involved as a sponsor of world’s notable occasions, like the Olympics and the FIFA World Cup (Coca-Cola Website, 2008).

As I have already mentioned, the Coca-Cola offers 400 brands in over 200 countries, besides its Coke beverage. This includes such drinks as: Diet Coke (introduced in 1982), Diet Coke, Caffeine-Free, Cherry Coke (1985), Diet Cherry Coke (1986), Coke with Lemon (2001), Diet Coke with Lemon (2001), Vanilla Coke (2002), Diet Vanilla Coke (2002), Coca-Cola C2 (2004), Coke with Lime (2004), Aquarius Mineral Water (2004), Diet Coke with Lime (2004), Diet Coke Sweetened with Splenda (2005), Coca-Cola Zero (2005), Coca-Cola Black Cherry Vanilla (2006), Diet Coca-Cola Black Cherry Vanilla (2006), Coca-Cola BlāK (2006), Diet Coke Plus (2007), Coca-Cola Orange (2007). Such popular beverages as Fanta and Sprite are also produced by the Company, they were invented in 1943 (Coca-Cola Products and Brands, 2008).

The list of beverages produced by the company mentioned above is impressive. Though, in my opinion, the product that is dominating over all of the mentioned above is the regular Coke. This drink stays popular no matter what other drinks the Coca-Cola Company comes up with. Coke is very carbonated, though tends to be not very sweet in taste. It contains caffeine that charges one with energy that is usually obtained from a cup of coffee. What is interesting is that the formula for creating Coke is kept as a corporate secret and is said to belong only to two people working for the corporation. The largest competitor of Coke is Pepsi. The two drinks are very similar and most people cannot event tell the difference, though Pepsi is sweeter and less carbonated. The two companies have been rivaling for a long time. Nevertheless, for the moment Coke holds a noteworthy advantage over Pepsi as for brand equity (Mallas, 2008).

Now I would like to suggest a new product to the Coca Cola Corporation. This product will be a kind of an ice-tea drinks that are very popular nowadays. The products of the Coca Cola Company are usually considered to be not healthy: they are made with addition of chemicals, they are carbonated as well as they contain dye-stuff. The new ice-tea I would like to propose should not be any of the mentioned above. The name of this drink will be “American Ginseng Tea”. The name itself will already propose that the drink is healthy because everyone knows that ginseng is a very health-giving herb as well as the costumer will see that a drink possesses a patriotic note, having in its name the word “American”.

The new product should be targeted to all the age groups. The emphasis during advertising should be made on the fact that the drink is totally healthy, does not contain chemicals of dye-stuff and could be consumed even by children and infants. In my opinion, a good way to show that the product is healthy and one hundred percent preservatives free is to sell the American Ginseng Tea in the drug stores. There the product should be advertised as the one that leads to the strengthening of the immune system and longevity.

The beverage should be bottled in the same way all the Coca Cola products, thus bottles of sizes 2 liters, 1.25 liters, 600mL and 300mL as well as aluminum cans of 375mL should be available. The price for the product, in my opinion, should be the same as the price of other Coca Cola products. Though, at the early stages of launching the product should be offered to the costumers on “Special Offer” basis, leading them onto an idea to purchase the drink.

At first the regular American Ginseng Tea should be introduced, however, if the launching turns out to be successful, the Coca Cola Company can extend the line by launching such drinks as “American Ginseng Tea Light”, “American Ginseng Tea Sugar Free”, “American Ginseng Tea Cherry Flavor”, or “American Ginseng Tea with Addition of Caffeine”. The later of course will be targeted at the older population who consider coffee products to be too damaging for the health, while may choose the healthy ginseng tea with a small addition of caffeine to boost their energy.

As for the design it is very important that the label on the bottle should be in light pastel colors. The Coca Cola products are usually very bright-labeled and eye-catching. However, the “American Ginseng Tea” varies greatly from the existing products, and the goal of the Coca Cola Company would be to show that it does. Thus, the labels should be mostly green and yellow. These colors usually symbolize health, warmth, and therapy, this is the image needed for the new product. Today more and more schools ban selling or carbonated Coca Cola and Pepsi drinks on the school premises. However, special medical researches must be made in order to prove that “American Ginseng Tea” is a healthy product that not only could, but simply should be consumed by the school-children.

In conclusion I would like to say that even though, the “American Ginseng Tea” product sounds to be too ideal to be created, its creation is possible. I think that a product of a kind should be created and launched. Moreover, if the Coca Cola Corporation undertakes the healthy drink project it has to put all of its efforts into advertising of this specific drink. This will boost the revenues as well as corporate image the company creates upon the public. It is important to say that, the Coca Cola Company is a well established corporation and it has been such for over a century, thus its other product lines would not suffer from the emerging of a new innovative product.

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Dissertation on IBM

2012-02-16T09:35:00.000-08:00

Dissertation on IBM

Traditionally, IBM was one of the leading companies operating in the field of information technologies. Today, the company maintains its leading position in the global market, being one of the major multinational computer technology and consulting corporations in the world. The current position of IBM is, to a significant extent, determined by its long historical development which dates back to the late 19th century (Andrew, 2003). At the same time, the major condition of its current success is the constant implementation of innovations, which reveal the unparalleled ability of the company to adapt ever changing technologies and use them to take an advantageous competitive position in the market.

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First of all, it should be said that the company has a number of advantageous which strengthen its position in the world market. In this respect, it is worth mentioning the popularity of the brand of IBM which contributes to the customers’ loyalty. Obviously, customers prefer IBM because the company has already proved its reliability and its long history contributes to the high confidence of customers in the potential of the company to maintain the high quality of products and services it supplies to its customers. Another strength of the company is the introduction of innovations. In fact, IBM is oriented on the introduction of innovations in the field of computer technologies, while the extent experience of the company allows IBM to take the leading position in the global market (Andrew, 2003). Also, it is necessary to remember about the high qualification of specialists employed by IBM, since the company traditionally employed highly qualified and prospective specialists.

On the other hand, it is necessary to remember about certain weaknesses of IBM. Firstly, the company is sales-oriented that limits the flexibility of the company since high sale rates constitute the major goal of the marketing performance of the company (Stallings, 2000). In such a context, many competitors of IBM tend to use the customer-centered approach which seems more effective because it takes into consideration needs and interests of customers, while sales-oriented approach can decrease the customer satisfaction because the company will unable to meet customers’ needs.

Nevertheless, the company mission is to keep introducing new computing technologies in order to maintain the leading position of IBM in the global market. In such a context, the company aims at the international market expansion, the development of new technologies, and enlargement of services IBM supplies to its customers. To put it more precisely, recently the company has expanded consistently its consulting services.

In such a situation, the company’s strategy is to use innovations and the popularity of its brand to penetrate new markets and increase its market share in order to outpace its major competitors, such as HP (Stallings, 2000). The development of consulting services is strategically important because it implies the formation of customers’ dependence on IBM’s technologies and products.

As a result, the company has to cope with several challenges it is currently facing. Firstly, it is the growing competition, especially from the part of HP. Secondly, it is the necessity to introduce new, more effective approaches instead of sales-oriented approach. Finally, it is necessary to adapt the corporate culture to the multicultural environment in which the company operates.

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Dissertation on Weight Loss

2012-02-15T04:17:00.000-08:00

Dissertation on Weight Loss

The purpose of this dissertation is to do a review on a weight loss program. I choose Weight Watcher Diet to do the review on. In this paper I will briefly describe the guidelines and philosophy of the program, I will also include the calories, maintenance plan, supplementation, exercise, estimated financial cost for this program, is the program hazardous to the health, and would I recommend this program to anyone.

Jean Nidetch founded weight Watchers in the early 1960s. It has evolved over the years from a food exchange system that gave a set number of calories and food exchanges to follow for each meal and snack. Now Weight Watchers is a points based system whereby points are assigned for each food based on fat, fiber and calorie content and each person is set a points target for each day and they can eat any variety of food that adds up to that total, each person is responsible for meeting their own targets. The Weight Watchers program is conducted in a group support system with weekly meetings.

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Weight Watchers has a global network of support groups meetings involving over 20 million people. Weight Watchers also offer an online program for those who do not wish to attend weekly weigh-ins. It also offers Weight Watchers Winning Points plan, Weight Watchers Products, Weight Watchers Magazine and Weight Watchers e-Tools (weight watcher.com).

Weight Watchers is a diet program based on a points/incentive system. A membership based program, it combines weight loss and exercise ideas. With groups around the world, Weight Watchers offers special foods, cookbooks, and exercise plans for a fee. Points are awarded for success and the dieter has the support of chapter members from his or her local group. The advantages are that one can lose weight with others, having the support of others who are fighting the same battles ( diet review.com).

This plan does not recommend supplementation, because of its points system. Each individual get 20-37 points a day, all of the food they eat will be calculate into points therefore they do not need any supplement. However, if the participant wants to take supplement, it would be their choice. The first week you join, you receive a 1,000-calorie-a-day food plan consisting of more than 80 foods. Over the next four weeks, new foods are added to the plan until women are up to about 1,200 calories a day. Along the way, you're also given an exercise plan, booklet, a dining out and party guide which helps members permanently change their eating habits and improve their self-image.

Yes, there is a maintenance plan for this program. Any one that joins this program will require losing 10% of their weight; you then have to decide what your final weight loss goal will be. After they reach their goal they will be on the maintenance plan. It is a 6 weeks plan after you reach your goal. This plan consist of participant comes to meeting once a month instead of once a week to weight in. Most of these participants are well train in their eating habit, because through out the program they are taught to eat by using the point system. The maintenance plan for this program would be behavior modification in their eating habit.

This plan does recommend exercise. It suggests their participant to exercise 2-3 times a week, about 30 minutes a day. This exercise can be walking, running, aerobics, or any exercise that will speed up the heart rate. Participant that exercise will earn additional points, which they can use toward extra calories. This program does not show any hazardous to the health; they give you information on healthy eating habits, the give you meal plans and recipes.

This particular plan requires an initial investment for membership and can involve the purchase of specific food products. If the idea of support in a group atmosphere is for you, this could be your plan. The best results come when you are motivated and at ease with a program. One time registration fee of $20 and a weekly fee of $14, weight lose is varying per person. A person can lose 3 pounds in a month, whereas; others can lose 10 pounds in a month. To estimate the cost to lose 20 pounds for the program would be different per person. I'm estimating on an average weight loss for a regular person to lose 20 pounds and it would take them 6 months to lose it. This would cost them $336 for the program(ivillage.co.uk).

This is the weight loss program that I would recommend, because it has group support can be helpful and encouraging, any foods can be eaten, Weight Watcher groups are very wide spread, proven weight loss method with a strong track record, lots of products available, diet is safe and promotes good eating habits.

In conclusion Weight Watchers is a very good method of losing weight especially for the heavier dieter. It has a proven record and its emphasis is on healthy eating and long-term weight management. It is very good for those dieters that enjoy group support and can handle its pressure.

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Monetary Policy Dissertation

2012-02-15T04:12:00.000-08:00

Dissertation on Monetary Policy

Monetary policy is the manipulation of interest rates to influence economic activity, whilst fiscal policy is the use of the government budget (variations in the level and composition of taxation and spending) to influence the economy. Both these instruments have a role to play in the Federal Government's policy mix to achieve key economic objectives. Historically, these objectives have been "internal balance" (achieving price stability and low unemployment), "external balance" (keeping the CAD, foreign liabilities and exchange rates at a sustainable level), and economic growth to improve the material standard of living in the medium to long term. Along with microeconomic reform, fiscal and monetary policy are the three instruments used to meet these objectives.

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The traditional policy mix (used since the Hawke/Keating Labor government) has been to use monetary policy to address internal balance, fiscal policy to achieve external balance, and microeconomic reform to assist in achieving faster rates of sustainable growth. However, the policy mix has changed slightly under the new Howard government, especially in the role played by fiscal policy. Monetary policy remains the most important economic management tool, and since the early 1990s has played the central role in the management of economic growth and inflation in Australia.

For the past decade the RBA has conducted monetary policy with the main aim of achieving its "inflation target" of 2-3 per cent over the course of the economic cycle. Whilst low inflation is not an end in itself, the RBA believes that keeping price growth within the target range is the key to achieving the goals of sustainable economic growth and low unemployment. Under the Howard government however, fiscal policy has taken on a less active economic role. Fiscal policy is no longer actively used to influence the level of economic growth nor to achieve external balance. In fact, the objective of external balance is no longer directly pursued by the current government. Instead, fiscal policy is a supplementary demand management tool, with the main aim being to achieve budget balance over the course of the economic cycle. This goal of fiscal balance ensures that the government does not draw from the savings pool and "crowd out" the private sector (thereby indirectly assisting external stability), as well as having other political advantages.

The RBA needs to take many factors into account when conducting monetary policy. Theoretically, interest rates are raised to exert contractionary pressure on an overheated economy, and lowered to promote growth when economic activity is stagnant. Whilst MP is relatively quick to implement (the RBA Board convenes every month), changes to interest rates often take 12 - 18 months to have an impact on the economy. This time lag needs to be taken into account when conducting MP, and the RBA often needs to act preemptively and forecast where the economy will be positioned in the business cycle when the impact of MP changes are seen. At present the RBA has kept interest rates steady at 4.75 per cent for more than a year, yet many economists are forecasting that rates will fall in the second half of 2003. According to the RBA formula, when inflation is within the target band, then an interest rate level below 5.5% is considered expansionary. Therefore, the current interest rate should be having a mildly stimulatory effect on economic activity, supporting the fact that Australia's current growth rate (2.9% in March 03) is below the long term sustainable rate of 3.5 to 4 per cent. The RBA also did not react to the fact that for a brief period in early 2003 inflation rose outside of its target band to 3.4 per cent in March. This reflects the fact that the inflation target is not an "electric fence", but rather a goal to be achieved as an average over the course of the business cycle. This frees up monetary policy to be used for demand management in the short term.

There is increasing pressure on the RBA to ease monetary policy through an interest rate cut due to the less than promising outlook for the world economy. In addition, the domestic growth rate is well below its sustainable average, still suffering from the effects of the drought. Also, by reducing the interest rate differential between ourselves and the rest of the world (current interest rates are only 1% in the US and 0% in Japan), this would reduce upward pressure on the Australian dollar and lessen the negative impact of the weak global economy on our export markets. However, the RBA has also expressed its concern about the continuing boom in home building and property prices, being fuelled by a growth in credit. This reflects the fact that monetary policy is a relatively blunt economic instrument. A change in interest rate has an effect on every aspect of the economy, making it difficult for the RBA to move rates in either direction. Ideally, monetary policy should be used hand-in-hand with fiscal policy to achieve economic objectives, as FP can be more highly targeted to specific areas in the economy. For example, expansionary fiscal policy could be used to address the current situation of slow economic growth, whilst leaving interest rates steady as not to over-stimulate the property market. However, the fact that the government no longer uses fiscal policy as a serious macro-economic instrument means that this would be difficult to achieve. In reality, the Budget is now used mostly as a political instrument due to the public misconception that balanced budgets are a reflection of sound economic management. Balanced budgets also prevent the political opposition from being able to use any surplus funds should they come to power. It seems that the Government's political agenda has rendered fiscal policy close to impotent in terms of its macroeconomic impact in the economy.

In 2003, fiscal policy will exert a very mildly expansionary pressure on the economy, even though macroeconomic concerns no longer feature highly in the fiscal strategy. The underlying cash surplus has shrunk form 0.5 per cent to 0.3 per cent of GDP (from $3.9 bn to $2.2 bn). The budget contains income tax cuts and overall spending increases which are likely to provide some stimulus for the Australian economy in the face of a relatively weak global environment. However, the fiscal loosening is slight enough that it will not put undue pressure on inflation or the Current Account. The government attempts to ensure that it is not "living beyond its means". Fiscal policy attempts to maintain macroeconomic stability and encourage private investment through the entrenchment of low levels of public debt, meaning that the Current Account is simply a reflection of private saving and investment decisions. This is in line with the Twin Deficits theory which states that the government should attempt to avoid fiscal deficits which put pressure on the national savings pool and can crowd out private investment.

All these fiscal policy objectives are supplementary to the role of monetary policy, which is the primary tool for macroeconomic management in the Government's policy mix. Whilst fiscal policy still has some role to play in the economy, the fact that the government also uses it to achieve political objectives means that the present policy mix is unable to deal with the current economic conditions in the most effective way.

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Dissertation on EU

2012-02-14T14:51:00.000-08:00

Dissertation on European Union (EU)

The European Unions’ powers a constraint on nation state powers EU decisions under the intergovernmental regime are not taken on behalf of the European people, but on behalf of the peoples of Europe. The peoples of Europe are represented by ministers of their governments, who--at least in principle--are subject to the political scrutiny and control of the national parliament representing the people in a particular member -state.

The proper level of political control and political representation is the national level, and a European Parliament, in any traditional meaning of the term, is an anomaly. However, once EU decisions are taken under its supranational regime--i.e. when individual member - states have no veto power --indirect political control and representation via the national parliaments cannot be effective anymore. Therefore, the EU has constrained the nation state powers in decisions related to economical and political factors.

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If decisions are taken at the supranational level, both political control and political representation must happen at that level as well. It is in this respect that the European Parliament has a unique function that cannot be fulfilled by national parliaments. While it might appear good for the Union as a whole, this function certainly does limit the decision making power of the member states.

It is a basic assumption of any modern concept of political representation that the interest of the one nation should prevail over local or regional interests. Translated to the European Union this requires that European interests should prevail over national interests. (3) If the process of political representation in the European Union is no more than a mechanism to put national interests on the European agenda, a truly European system of political representation does not exist.

An important criterion to assess the quality of representative democracy in the European Union is therefore the extent to which supranational or at least cross-national political views and interests take precedence over purely national interests. A first indication of the extent to which a truly European system of political representation exists (or is at least developing) can be found in the role conceptions of MEPs. (7)

In a truly European system of political representation we would expect them to give precedence to a common European interest rather than to national or other partial interests. This focus of representation is certainly not the most conspicuous trademark of most MEPs. Only a minority considers it important to represent ‘all people in Europe’. (1) The MEPs from all countries but one think it more important to represent the people in their country. For most MEPs, representing the national interest is more important than representing the general European interest.

However, these role conceptions are not evenly distributed among the representatives of the different member-states. Representatives from the newer member-countries, and those from smaller and less powerful member-countries, are inclined to see themselves representing national interests rather than a European interest. This seems to suggest that a European focus of representation among MEPs takes time to develop. (12)

However, what is perhaps more important is the extent to which a truly European party system is developing. Not individual members of parliament but political parties are the key actors on the elite side of the process of political representation in Europe, and party government has become the dominant doctrine of democratic government.

According to this doctrine, cohesive political parties with different policy platforms compete for the support of the voters. As long as voters vote for the party that is closest to their own policy preferences, they will elect a parliament that more or less accurately reflects their policy preferences. An additional requirement of party government is that the government is formed and controlled by a majority in parliament.

It is hard to think of a democratic political system that would not meet these basic principles. Therefore, an important test of the development of a truly European system of political representation is the extent to which a European party system is developing that links the policy views of the European people to those expressed in the European Parliament. (4)

A truly European system of political representation involving transnational political parties competing for the votes of a single European electorate might be more feasible than is often suggested--although such a system does not now exist. (2) The basic left-right ideology shared by most European countries is, at the European level, aggregated into party groups that are no less distinct and cohesive than their constituent national parties. Voters throughout Europe seem to be aware of the main differences between parties and to consider them when making up their minds at election time.

Despite all its formal deficiencies, the European system of political representation is not in such bad shape as long as we apply it to the basic left-right dimension capable of reflecting the cleavage structure of most European countries. However, none of the above is true once we come to issues related to the European project as such. (5)

On these issues the major party groups are hardly distinct, differences of opinion between members of these groups are more related to their national background than to their party affiliation, voters have a problem recognizing what the views of the party groups are, and hardly take these issues into account when deciding what party to vote for. Therefore, it is anything but surprising that we found little congruence between voters and representatives on these issues.

Of course, these findings are grist to the mill of those who perceive a failure of the European system of political representation. They tend to argue for reshuffling the European party system into a system that would allow the voters to express their opinion on the future development of the European Union. This would be possible if different parties represented different positions on the simple continuum of anti- Europe--status quo--further integration (11).

The development of such a party system is most unlikely. Moreover, the validity of the argument is disputable. The basic problem is that there are at least three different kinds of European issues, none of which lends itself easily as a basis for reshuffling the European party system (6).

The first kind of European issues refers to the delicate balance of national sovereignty and European integration. According to many observers, this is the dimension on which a truly European party system should be based. However, if political representation should take place at the same level where decisions are taken, it makes little sense to base a system of representation, and therefore a party system, on issues that are decided at a different level.

Formal decisions on a further transfer of sovereignty from the national to the European level are subject to the intergovernmental regime of European decision-making. They need the consent of national governments and are, at least in principle, under the control of national parliaments and national electorates.

Therefore, the interesting paradox is that what usually are called European issues are basically national issues. As far as the existing party system fails to offer a meaningful choice to the voters, this is a problem at the national rather than the European level. (12)

A second kind of European issues refers to the division of power between different institutions of the European Union, given a certain competence of the Union. The basic issue for the European Parliament, and therefore a possible issue in European Parliament elections, is the accountability of the Commission and the Council of Ministers to the European Parliament. However, this is hardly an issue that lends itself to politicizing within the European Parliament.

Efforts to strengthen the European Parliament are unproblematic within the Parliament, but produce conflicts between the Parliament as an institution and other institutions of the European Union. On this issue differences between party groups will be secondary to the institutional interests of the Parliament as such. (1) And issues on which political parties do not compete and do not want to can hardly be a basis for the formation of a party system.

A third kind of European issues refers to substantive policy issues decided at the European level. Once the Union has the competence to pursue its own policies in a particular area, the question remains what the content of that policy should be. Suddenly, the relevant conflict dimensions do not necessarily differ from those at the national level. In a healthy and stable democracy, the political debate and political conflicts will usually refer to substantive policy issues within the constraints of a constitutional order (3).

The constitutional order itself should not be a matter of permanent dispute. If the unification of Europe is at all viable, major political disputes must gradually shift from constitutional to substantive policy issues. In that process the European issue dimension might gradually be absorbed by the left-right dimension as other conflict dimensions have been in the past (10). The more the debate concentrates on European policy rather than on European integration in abstracto, the more the two dimensions will be intertwined. (10)

From this perspective, the relative consensus among political elites about the future of Europe is not a problem. It is rather a condition for further development of the European Union as a democratic political system. We see no reason why, at least in the long run, the basic structure of the party system at the European level should differ from that at the national level.

Quite the contrary: “one of the main reasons to consider the development of a European system of political representation feasible at all is the existence of common roots in the party systems of the member-states.” (7) Therefore, it is our contention that many of the arguments on which the notion of a crisis of political representation in the European Union is based are disputable.

That an effective system of political representation in Europe is feasible does not imply that such a system already exists. We will discuss the democratic quality of the EU political system, and strategies for its reform, at the end of this conclusion. But first we will turn to our findings on the legitimacy of the European Union.

If elections are decided according to the rules of the responsible party model but the outcome of the elections would have no effect on the composition of government or on public policy, we would at least hesitate to speak of an effective system of political representation. It is hardly a matter of dispute that in a representative democracy elections decide, directly or indirectly, which parliamentary majority should form a government and what kind of policies the government should pursue.

In the European Union none of this applies. A European government with any similarity to national governments does not exist. The composition of the European Commission is independent of the outcome of European Parliament elections but depends on the nominations of the national governments. Nor does the composition of the Council depend on the outcome of European Parliament elections, but on that of national elections. (9)

Because there is no European government based on the consent of a majority of members of the European Parliament, there is no clear pattern of government and opposition parties. Therefore, the European political system does not meet the minimal definition of a representative democracy, offering the voters the possibility to throw the rascals out.

“Thus the elections cannot fulfill either of the two main functions of general elections--the choice of a government or the formation of public policy” (6). How serious a problem this is a matter of perspective. From the federal perspective on the European Union the argument is pretty straightforward.

If the European Union can be considered a separate political entity, it should--ceteris paribus--meet the democratic standards that apply to a state. From this view the democratic deficit is obvious: elections are not clearly translated into political power, the EP is too weak, the Commission is not elected, and the Council of Ministers and European Council are not properly controlled or accountable (4).

However, if one does not share this view and wants to see the Union as no more than a co-operation of sovereign states, one would not identify a failure of democracy at the European level. From this perspective a possible democratic deficit is located at the national level and consists of a lack of domestic control over the EU (11).

But even if one refuses to recognize the European Union as a separate polity, it is not so easy to brush aside complaints about the failure of democracy at the European level. Nobody can get around the fact that there is a directly-elected European parliament. And the least these elections suggest is that the votes of the people make a difference. If they do not, or if people think they do not, this might be detrimental to the legitimacy, not only of the European Parliament, but of the whole European project.

A clear relevance of European elections for the allocation of power and thereby for the direction of European policy-making would not leave the voters unaffected. Essentially the same argument was used by the researches who pleaded for a radical change in the European political system (8).

They discussed two possible alternatives to strengthen the relationship between the outcome of the elections and the allocation of power in the European Union. The first possibility is the introduction of a parliamentary system. This implies that the Commission should be based on the confidence of the majority of members of the European Parliament.

The Commission would become responsible to the Parliament, and the Union would come to resemble a parliamentary system of government. European elections would gain in significance since they would help determine the political color of the Union executive. The members of the Commission would share a similar political tendency, allowing electors who disliked its orientation over the last five years to vote through the European Parliament elections for a Commission of a different political orientation (5). This, he expects, would lead to an increase in interest and voter turnout.

An alternative proposal is the introduction of a presidential system. It entails directly electing the European Commission as a whole, using a two-ballot system. The introduction of a presidential system “would probably serve to encourage bipolarity in a multiparty system, a realignment of the Community party system which would clarify the basis of electoral choice and hence make democratic accountability easier”. (10)

It is apparent from this research that the EU has constrained the nation state powers in decisions related to economical and political factors. While this is a sign of a strong centralized power as represented by the EU itself, the member states might not actually appreciate the fact that their decision making power is so much inhibited.

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How to Write a Master's Thesis

2012-02-13T14:26:00.000-08:00

How to Write a Master's Thesis Paper

The Master's thesis is the most important requirement if you want to achieve your desirable master’s degree. A successful master’s thesis should be about 100 pages in length and bring a considerable contribution into human life - science, art or technology. A good master’s thesis writing requires much time and efforts, because a student must research the matter deeply, that is why most students need more than a year to complete their master’s thesis. It does not worth mentioning that many students do not know how to write a master’s thesis properly and apply for online master’s thesis writing services. Our writing team is eager to provide you with quality master’s thesis writing help and offers professional master’s thesis writing guidelines.

Master’s Thesis Writing Tips:

1. First of all you must choose the best topic which suits you. There surely will be a topic, you are interested in. It is very important, because you must be ready to spend a year researching and working it out. Then, find a thesis assistant or adviser who will help you with master’s thesis writing. It should be your college professor who will facilitate your research process and advice useful literary materials.

2. Start researching your topic. Use only reliable trustworthy sources which will help you to prepare a successful informative master’s thesis. While choosing scientific books or periodicals, consult your thesis adviser. When you research the topic, take notes, cite and do not limit yourself with a small number of books - the more you read - the better chances you have to write a good thesis.

3. Write the outline of your master’s thesis. It will help you write your paper faster and it will look professional and well organized. Besides, you will not miss any important details - good organization of the writing process is the key to success. Be sure to cover the main research question (the general topic) dividing it into component subtopics to make your thesis long enough and deeply researched.

4. Now, start writing your master’s thesis. Remember to follow the outline not to miss your ideas. Base your thoughts on the scientific texts that you have read and express your own opinion. It is very important, because the thesis is an individual paper, so you have to show what you think about this topic and introduce something new in it. Writing the body of the master’s thesis, do not forget to keep to the standard format and style.

5. When you have written the thesis, share it with your adviser. He will read it to make sure that your paper is good enough and if it is formatted correctly. He will advise you to add something or to make your thesis shorter. After these corrections, give your thesis for the checking once more.

We hope our Master's thesis writing tips will help you organize a successful paper. If you have questions or need writing assistance - we are 24\7 at your disposal.

Dissertation on Virgin Atlantic Airways

2012-02-10T02:13:00.000-08:00

Dissertation on Virgin Atlantic Airways

Since its inaugural flight took off from London on 22 June, 1984, Virgin Atlantic Airways has become the second largest long-haul airline in the smaller and confined British environment (Virgin Atlantic). It now has a reputation for service quality and innovative product development. However, Richard Branson, the airline's founder and chairman, was not satisfied with the rapid expansion; he applied his record-breaking, customer-driven, and fun-seeking philosophy in his efforts to break into the U.S. market. Although Virgin Atlantic Airways took advantage of its unique marketing mix and multi-channel strategy to succeed in the U.S., the major obstacle Virgin would face in the U.S. expansion that was the trade barriers maintained by the United States (U.S.). Virgin Atlantic remained committed to a complete liberalization of the transatlantic aviation market and the removal of all unnecessary regulations.

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However, Great Britain and the United States both wanted liberalization, but each had different needs and starting points for its own benefit. Another obstacle will be economic vulnerability. In the beginning, Virgin has to adopt a hit-or-miss strategy to see what works in the United States because it will face a more competitive environment than in Great Britain. As a result, Virgin will spend more money on marketing which will cause the high break-even point and lack of economics of scope. Thus, it will be a problem for Virgin to remain profitable and retain its competitive edge in innovations in the U.S.

market. Besides those obstacles, the Virgin group is best known as the airline which provides a good service quality, fun-seeking entertainment, and innovation for customers who seeking value-for-money travel. It succeeded in setting itself apart from every other boring airline as well as getting many younger and fun-seeking customers. In contrast, it also has some weaknesses on fun-oriented marketing strategy. For example, there are no clear customer targets because Virgin Atlantic Airways has combined its economy section with the first class section at business class prices.

In addition, it emphasized on its wild image and fun-oriented market strategy which was not good for all customers because some customers might see Virgin airways as a cheap and cheerful airline (Reed). In recent years, the Virgin group tried to implement its brand leverage strategy in the U.S. market by expanding the product mix to provide various items available through the Virgin Website (Angelo). In addition, many unrelated wealthy ventures involve Branson's name and his successful brand name in order to control interest.

As market experts foresee, many problems will occur when products or services from the same corporate brand - Virgin are differentiated on different bases. The market segmentation, brand distinction and satisfaction of customer service are definitely going to be harder and harder for the Virgin group. Thus, these will be a big challenge for them in the future. For example, on the surface, these ventures perhaps maintain their goods and service to meet Virgin's standards. However, do they really operate the same way as Virgin does? The prestige and brand names of the company are most valuable and important assets for the organization.

Unlike goods or services every company offers, prestige and brand names are difficult to copy. The way in which the companies interact with their customers defines their brand as well as any advertisement. Therefore, Virgin will have to face how to unify its brand names, customer touch points, and user experience in the future. In addition, the most risk and challenge is how to maintain their brand valve because Virgin's brand plays a major role in influencing a customer's choice. It is important to recognize the brand is created not by the message the marketing department prints on its advertisement, but by the way the companies interact with customers.

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Dissertation on Veterinary Medicine

2012-02-10T02:10:00.000-08:00

Dissertation on Veterinary Medicine

Some pre-veterinarian students have known that they would become veterinarians since they held their first stuffed animal. Others have had a single catalytic event that changed their career goals forever. The origins of my own desire to pursue a career in veterinary medicine have been less dramatic, but equally as influential. As a child, when someone would ask me what I wanted to be when I grew up I answered with an array of possibilities including doctor, physical therapist, lawyer (only because my dad is one), and of course veterinarian. To me, becoming a veterinarian meant saving animals, and helping their owners through some very difficult times. Most people recognize the joy and solace they feel when they are around animals, especially their own. To enter a profession in which I could help animals live a happy and healthy life would allow me to make a difference, not only in a person's life, but in an innocent animal's life as well.

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As I grew older I experienced the difference animals and pets made in my life. When I was upset about something I could always depend on Katy, our family dog to be there and let me hug her and talk to her. She never did mind. This always made me feel better. At the age of nine I began riding horses which allowed me to gain knowledge and confidence in a new way. When I went out to the stables every weekend, I was always ready to learn and have fun for a few hours. The experience I had at Silver Mist Stables taught me that at the age of ten I could take care of a huge horse all by myself, and as long as I was willing, Duke, the nineteen year old horse I leased, would take care of me. This experienced helped shape me into becoming a strong independent individual. In the arena I was in charge of how well Duke and I performed, and the sensation of achieving the goals I had set forth gave me the motivation to expect excellence of myself in all aspects of my life.

While I acknowledge my complete love of animals, I became fascinated with the field of medicine. I took a great interest in my science classes in high school and decided that majoring in a field of science in college would be most intriguing to me. As a senior in high school I realized that I could combine my interest in science, my need to be on my own, and my love of the vast wilderness by attending the University of Colorado at Boulder. I declared my major in Kinesiology and Systemic Physiology because I felt this field would allow me to apply the knowledge learned in foundational science classes to the human body. At this point, I was still leaning towards becoming a physician. At this time I began to realize that California was my true home, and despite the magnificence of Colorado, I longed for the familiarity of California.

In February of 2001 I made a decision to transfer to UC Davis. Though I did not know it at the time this decision would have a lasting impact on my career choice. During my first quarter at Davis, despite my rigorous academic schedule, I decided to try something new and volunteer at the Davis Animal Hospital, a local small animal clinic. For three months I went to the clinic on Tuesday mornings and assisted the doctors and technicians in routine procedures including cleaning kennels, walking the dogs, drawing blood samples and even observing minor surgical procedures. The time I spent there allowed me to see the other side of a veterinary clinic. I had always been on the other side, and this new experience was intriguing to me. From this point my childhood interests in becoming a veterinarian were reignited.

Although I enjoyed the quarter I spent at the small animal clinic, I was not sure that the small animal clinic was an area I wanted to pursue a career in. Over that Christmas vacation I rode along with an ambulatory veterinarian in Chico. That first day I spent with her I was able to experience a side of veterinary medicine I had not yet discovered. We went to several different ranches and boarding facilities and did everything from giving routine vaccinations to hock injections on an arthritic thoroughbred. Dr. Heather Smith introduced me to a whole new field that sparked a fire in me that still burns today. After the time I spent with Dr. Smith, I returned to Davis and immediately dove into volunteering at the Large Animal ICU at the UC Davis veterinary teaching hospital. After two quarters, I was still infatuated and submitted an application for employment. At the present time I am working as a Large Animal ICU/ISO technician, completing my research project on dendritic cell concentrations in neonatal foals, and spending any free time I have in Chico with Dr. Smith.

By taking the opportunity to ride along with Dr. Baker I was able to solidify all of my aspirations into a career goal that is well suited for me. I feel that UC Davis' School of Veterinary Medicine is the right place for me to enter the profession. Through working at the Large Animal ICU I have had the opportunity to meet many clinicians, residents, staff and students; I would feel privileged if I were accepted as a student at the University Of California Davis School Of Veterinary Medicine.

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How to Write a PhD Thesis Paper

2012-02-10T02:05:00.000-08:00

How to Write a PhD Thesis

A PhD thesis is the most important and horribly difficult paper for every student, because writing a successful PhD thesis guarantees you the highest academic degree and looks like a reward for the long years of study and research. A good PhD thesis should cover only up-to-date matters, as you are supposed to introduce fresh new ideas and solutions to the development of modern society and its urgent problems. If you need professional PhD thesis writing help, our writing service will provide you with quality PhD thesis writing tips.

PhD Thesis Writing Guidelines:

1. First of all you should get to know how a successful PhD thesis must be written. Look through the existing thesis papers to understand their structure, type of writing, the amount of work, literary sources. It will help you with writing your own paper. Before writing your thesis, consult with your adviser, as he is able to provide you with valuable assistance, he will suggest reading and studying particular materials concerning your PhD thesis paper, he will narrow the field of your research to make it more concrete and understandable for you.

2. Start writing you thesis. Create the outline and try to follow it. Remember, that your PhD thesis must be well thought out and unique. You must give arguments when you claim something. Without reliable arguments and evidence your PhD thesis will be a worthless paper. While writing a thesis paper you should show the deepest knowledge of the subject and topic.

3. If you want to write a good PhD thesis - read as much as possible about your topic in scientific works, journals, encyclopedias. It will be useful to write an annotated bibliography, it will help you keep all your literary sources at hand and you will remember the content of every source.

4. Write a draft of your PhD thesis and show it to your adviser. He will tell you if you work in the right direction. If something must be added or thrown out. You should consult your adviser quite often, because his wise ideas are vital for your PhD thesis.

5. Continue writing your thesis, reread it many times and try to improve it, make it perfect. Finally, you should proof-read your PhD thesis to make it look grammatically and stylistically correct. Now, prepare to defend your thesis successfully not to lose face in front of your professor and adviser.

Now you know how to write a good PhD thesis paper. We hope that our PhD thesis writing tips will help you create a quality original thesis, which will be published in the recognized journals and you will be awarded for the years of your studying and research. If you need professional help with PhD thesis paper or PhD thesis writing assistance - our writing service is 24\7 ready to support you.

Dissertation on Africa

2012-02-08T05:10:00.000-08:00

Dissertation on Africa after getting independence

1. Introduction

"After independence we will have to stand on our own and rely on our own resources, the unifying force, the cement…which had hitherto been supplied by the United Kingdom Government will be removed, and will have to be replaced by new virtues of our own which must be capable of keeping all the diverse elements of the country together, in mutual trust and harmony and with a common national purpose."(Awo, the Autobiography of Chief Obafemi Awolowo of Nigeria).

Before the World War II the very small part of Africa was free from external influence and tight control. Only Liberia for many years was the only one independent African nation. During the nineteenth century America was helping Africa to gain its independence.

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Generally speaking Africans themselves are very impatient to get on the business itself and with the business of modernizing their land, educating their people, improving their standards of living and governing selves. And that is actually considered the main reason for this country to be in turmoil.

2. Situation in Northern Africa and Other Parts of the Country regarding Independence

After the Second WW there were very much unrest in North Africa, which countries were hostile towards France and its influence. But it must be said that after the several decades of French domination in that areas a lot of improvements were brought to people. ( Lewin, 1990)

After the war, people of the colonies, that were owned and governed by French, decided that there is already time for them to rule themselves. There was a very sharp contradiction of this decision, but finally Morocco and Tunisia in 1956/57 were given their independence.

Algeria was supposed to be next, but there about a million of French there that were afraid of independent Algeria would pass laws to deprive them of their rather good working conditions which they were enjoying before.

Soon after that an open war between French and the Algerian broke out and finally after years of bloody fighting independence was approved by French government.

Kenya was another fighting colony. A rebellion against British was organized there. And was a drastic step back into the barbarism. But still a great effort can be seen that Africans made in order to get independence, even not able to cope with it. So, it became a sovereign republic.

3. Nigeria’s Hopes Failed

It was time when Nigeria was said to be the model of a self-governing nation in Africa. It is made of four separate regions that tend to be self-governing and also seems to have all types of resources to establish a good level of rich life. It became independent nation in 1960 and a republic three years later.

However problems almost immediately started and the process of development was slowed. The elections that took place almost divided the nation. People were not accustomed to self-government and democracy, and that all resulted in violence. Most people couldn’t read or write, so their participation in the elections was rather theoretical.

Nigeria was divided mainly into two parts. The Eastern region was made up of Ibos, members of the Christian church, rather well-educated. As result of their striving and education most of them gained jobs in central government.

There was also a Northern region, which was less progressive and was not very much educated. Later on Eastern region declared itself independent from the whole Nigeria. After some time, the struggle between two parts was partially stopped. But the rebellious spirit made negative impact on the development of the country. ( Lewin, 1990)

Nigeria today is very wealthy and prospering country, thanks to vast oil reserves. But still there is much to be done. Roads need to be rebuilt, but in general this leading African nation has a vital role to play in world affairs.

4. Congo- Troubled Land

It became obvious that getting independence in only the first thing in the chain of following problems for the people of Africa. And it is apparent that people that get the right to rule themselves, after many years of colonial state, need help.

Therefore, many economical and political changes were made that they can’t return to the tribal ways of living. Statements about democracy were not understandable to the most part of the population because of lack of education. They were familiar with law either. And also in order for Africa to prosper and develop in different spheres, people at first must learn how to use farm machines and industrial machinery.

After the power was restored to the Africans, and the apparent need for unity and struggle for their rights disappeared, tribal rivalries and old, almost forgotten jealousies came to the surface and distracted the main attention that should be paid to the development.

Congo became independent in 1960. Before getting independence it was a colony of Belgium. Congolese had many complaints at that time. Even though the ruling government provided them rather good working places, they were good only according to the regional standards. Most people had very low salaries, and the most businesses were owned by foreign investors. The school system was not well-thought also, as there were no higher education available and Belgium could not allow receiving foreign students.

All the ruling positions were taken by while owners and governors and that literally meant that blacks were without either voice or control in the government.

Eventually independence was proclaimed, as Belgium realized that the tempo of nationalism cannot be resisted. But the problem was with the fact that this process was so quickly managed that Congo was left in a vacuum in which its people, who were lacking education, skills, know-how and particular type of thinking, were not able to fill.

After the Belgium government left, several Congolese leaders tried to take control over the country in their hands. Patrice Lumumba was one of them, the first Premier of the Congo, was unsuccessful in putting down the violence that followed the events.

The new nation was divided and the United Nations sent military troops to restore unity and order there. In some way it was successful action, and after some time finally Congo was a nit unified even though shakily.

Government was very much inefficient and corrupted. However, signs of improvements were appearing from time to time. And at the time there was an opinion that the peace was the main concern, and only if it could be achieved, Congo might flourish and prosper. (Lewin, 1990)

On October 27, 1971, the Congo changed its name to the Republic of Zaire and there is only one hope that the change of the name would bring changes in economic and political spheres of life and guarantee their successful development.

5. Ghana vs. Rhodesia

Events in those two counties are rather important for investigating an idea about the reasons of the underdevelopment of Africa after getting its independence. Even more, they should be described and analyzed in contrast to each other.

Ghana is the name of an old and rich land, that it also very ancient. In its actions it was progressive. Schools and hospitals were constantly built there, that brought an opportunity of eradication of illiteracy and possible to more people to learn how to read and write. Ghana has a great university and comparatively big number of students in the college. And the democratic spirit, instead of autocratic, was everywhere.

In 1962 a new president was elected for life. In two years he was granted dictatorial powers. Those who were oppose him were immediately jailed. Dictatorship was established.

The example of Ghana is an excellent illustration of the country that began its independent life with hope. But later on, it became debt ridden instead of prosperous. Educated people from there could find only few opportunities. Its democratic beginnings turned into dictatorship.

In contrast, while independence of Ghana was given by Britain, Rhodesia itself did that and began struggle for its rights. The situation there was rather confusing. The political situation in the country was controlled by white population and the white governors refused to give black population right to vote. They made a decision to keep the black population forever out of government and consider them only second class citizens.

So, as Ghana was struggling to prove that blacks can rule well and wisely, Rhodesia was striving to prove that domination of the write culture in the only way for Africa to succeed.

Speaking about the other African countries it is important to mention that even though they got independence nearly at the same period of time, their interior processes of development were quite different. Let’s Coup D’Ivoire that get it independence from France in 1960. Until 1990, it was the model of political and economic stability, and after was a military coup with the consequences of economic breakout and civil war that divided the country into two parts.

Zimbabwe became independent only in 1980. Until that time there were numerous contradictions for non-racial elections that were finally held. Namibia is another country, which is rich for its mineral resources such as gold, diamonds, uranium and lead. It was under Portuguese and South Africa’s influence for many years which controlled production there. Fishing is another great business in the region.

6. Conclusion

In the conclusion, I would like to summarize that there is much to learn about in Africa. It is full of unfinished businesses, the problems related to the establishment of a new nation, to teaching people to write and read and basic tasks related to education, to gaining experience as to the self- regulation, and to establishing of a prosperous economy.

Usually the process of development and establishment takes much time. And that it is the price paid for inexperience and haste. Probably if Africans were more patient and allowed colonial powers given them greater training, they might be able to govern themselves more skillfully.

Also in all African nations the gap between advantaged and disadvantaged must be diminished. And as it was already said, everything takes time. “For some countries, a deep and continuous divide has remained unresolved. Sudan and Chad, for example, are divided between an Arab Muslim north and an African Christian south. Both countries have suffered destructive civil wars over the decades. In Uganda, the divide was very broadly between the Baganda of the south and Acholi northerners.”

In Southern part of the continent people were cutting ties with Britain and Portugal, but still keep the white minority rule in the country, excluding black population. And numerous fighting that were the result, were violent and destructive basically the structures of the conflicting countries. That lasted for many decades, and South Africans were the last ones among the others who gained that majority rule. By the way, the South and its political and economical life were greatly distorted by the conflict called Cold War between America and USSR.

It is apparent that receiving economic independence was much harder them political one. In some territories agricultural production was destroyed by droughts and famines, and in other economical development was stopped by interior wars. Attempts to create strong manufacturing basis mainly failed, and African currencies were very unstable and could not be easily converted to more widely spread ones.

All those negative trends in all the spheres of country’s life caused the intervention of western institutions. And also as result, many people migrated to other places in seek for better life, better conditions, stable political and economic situation and quality of life.

History shows that people of Africa are capable, imaginative, creative and hard-working. And they simply need time, help and support in working out their problems and government, economy and society that is equal to the possibilities of the vast continent that they occupy.

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Renaissance Dissertation

2012-02-07T01:59:00.000-08:00

Dissertation on Renaissance

The term "Renaissance" derives from the Latin world “rinascere”, which means rebirth and revival. It was first implied in the 19th century to describe intellectual and artistic revival, inspired by a renewed interest to Ancient Classical art and culture. Italy became the motherland of Renaissance, which began in the early 14th century and reached its peak in the early 16th century. By this time, it had spread to France, England, Germany, the Netherlands, Spain and other European countries. This period was marked by the dynamic changes in all spheres of life, which followed strict and ascetic period of the Middle ages with its religious domination and censorship of the Church. Middle Ages is the time, which is often called an obscure and dark time in history when all the sciences were limited by the needs of the church and art and culture were neglected and defined as “dirty” sinful and filled with evil temptations.

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Renaissance with its new ideas in art, astronomy, science, literature, mathematics, philosophy, religion, and politics became a breath of fresh air for the society suppressed by the religious dogmas and rules. Not satisfied with the existing state of events, Italian Humanists of the Renaissance period turned back to the culture of Ancient Greece and Rome. This ancient culture with its cult of human beauty, naturalness and thirst for life became a source of inspiration for the progressive intellectuals. It is absolutely natural that it was Italy, who became the centre Renaissance as it was the cradle of ancient Rome civilization. Greek and Rome gods were ‘restored’ in their right and put back on the top of the secret mountain of Olympus. Ascetic and strict lifestyle was replaced by the splendor and luxury, which were so popular in the ancient times. Ancient Greek and Rome authors were reread and interpreted in a new way, ancient plots became very popular among the contemporary authors, sculptors and architectures turned to Greek and Roman forms and patters. Theology, which controlled all the spheres of life, was pressed by the renewed and transformed Plato’s teaching which got the name of Neo-Platonism and became very popular during the period of Renaissance.

Since the accent from the religious life was displaced to the life temporal the Church ceased to be the only dominant power in art and culture. During the 15th century, artists gained support of not only churchmen but also of private collectors. These gave a new push for the development of new subjects in literature, painting and sculpture. Private collectors created the demand for pictures of secular subjects in addition to religious themes demanded by Church. Now painters depicted legendary heroes, ancient goods and mythological episodes often derived from literary sources. Noble and wealthy citizens wanted to be glorified and this has created the great development of the portrait painting. Piero della Francesca, Mantegna, and Botticelli were among the most prosperous portraitists of those times. Medici had the leading role among the Florence patrons and the have created a circle of intellectuals and artists around them. Medici gave a shelter to large group of poets, philosophers and artists. Botticelli and Michelangelo were profoundly influenced by Neoplatonic philosophy developed in the Medici circle. Passionate patrons of the arts, literature, and learning, Medici led to Florence’s becoming the richest repository of European culture. The paintings of Alessandro di Mariano Filipepi known all over the world under the name of Botticelli fully reflect the ideas of the early Renaissance.

He was the principle painter of the Medici family. Both of his most fundamental works Primavera and The Birth of Venus were created in the palace of Medici. The Birth of Venus is one of the greatest masterpieces, which combines classical ideas and Christian values. As mentioned above, Botticelli was the follower of Neoplationism teaching. Beauty and divine love of God were basic notions of this teaching and these fundamental ideas are fully reflected in The Birth of Venus. The picture depicts the classic Greek mythological goddess of Love – Venus. But the picture has another layer of expression. Venus depicted by Botticelli represents Virgin Maria at the same time. It is a unique combination of the theme of divine love of God presented by the spiritual part of the Venus and natural beauty of the human body expressed through the classical theme of Venus as an ancient goddess. Renaissance discharges the beauty of human body and takes away the stain of depravity from it. The Birth of Venus fully reflects these new ideas and depicts the beauty of human body. Nudeness was regarded by Botticelli like something natural and even more, it was a symbol, symbol of “naked truth” which had nothing to hide and nothing to be ashamed of. “In the name of beauty, he felt free to tamper with space and perspective and to mistrust form as a sheer representation of nature.” (Baxandall, Michael. Painting and Experience in Fifteenth Century Italy, p 22). Realistic depiction of space, which can be found on the most of Botticelli’s pictures became common for Renaissance art.

But not only genre of painting was transformed by the fresh wind of Renaissance. Other spheres of art were also changed and sculpture wasn’t an exception. Actually, sculpture was the first of the fine arts to display Renaissance traits. Michelangelo Buonarroti, another prominent figure of Italian Renaissance known for his wonderful paintings and frescos was not only a painter, but also a sculptor.

His sculpture David is recognized as a masterpiece of Renaissance sculpture and one of the best sculptures, produced by him. The sculpture portrays David – the Biblical character. It’s a marble statue about 5 meters tall built with the help of disegno - a special discipline of sculpture based on the detailed study of proportions and specialties of human body. When working on the statue, Michelangelo has mentioned that the figure already exists inside of the stone as a divine creation of God and all he had to do was just to chop out the extra parts to help it appear. David is naked. He is portrayed at the moment when he decided to engage Goliath. Michelangelo has a created an impressive combination where he has depicted the Biblical character in the classical style peculiar for ancient Greece and Rome. It’s a unique combination of the Biblical plot and antique technique. Michelangelo proved that human body can be the object of admiration and that religion can be combined with other aspects of human life. Michelangelo believed that God and beauty could not be separated and that beauty was the only language God could talk to us.

Architecture was another sphere of art, influenced and changed by Renaissance. I would like to set Santa Maria del Fiore as a bright example of Renaissance architecture. And thought this cathedral was built during several centuries and had impregnations of different styles, Renaissance is still the dominating one and Santa Maria del Fiore was and will be an immortal example of Italian Renaissance architecture. And thought it was designed by Arnolfo di Cambio in 1294 when Gothic was the dominating style in architecture it was not alike with the architecture patters of that time and was drawn towards the style of Italian early Renaissance and became its excellent example when completed by the branch of talented architects, such as Giotto, Francesco Talenti, Alberto Arnoldi, Giovanni d’Ambrogio, Giovanni di Lapo Ghini, Neri di Fioravante after the death of di Cambio.

Filippo Brunelleschi, one of the brightest architects of the Italian Renaissance has constructed the first ‘octagonal’ dome in history for Santa Maria del Fiore. It was a unique construction of the largest dome built without a wooden frame. The idea was borrowed from the Roman Pantheon, a circular dome, built without support structures. Later these domes became a calling card of the Renaissance architecture. Marble floor, lantern on the tope of the cupola and luxurious decorations complete this splendid composition.

Renaissance has changes the world culture and way of thinking and Italy was in the heart of this changes. During this period of rebirth and seeking for the new values, Italy became the cultural center of Europe and gave to the world more talented people than all the countries taken together. Such outstanding artists as Leonardo da Vince, Michelangelo, Raphael, Botticelli, Donatello, Antonio Pollaiuolo, Castagno, Petrarch and Boccaccio and many others lived in created their masterpieces in Italy. These names have changes the face of European culture and made the entire world know about Italian Renaissance.

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How to Write a Dissertation Proposal

2012-02-05T04:27:00.000-08:00

How to Write a Good Dissertation Proposal

A dissertation proposal is your writing step in achieving your PhD degree, that is why it is very important to prepare it perfectly, because your future career will depend on it. Writing a dissertation proposal is a time and energy consuming process. You have to spend hours at the library researching your topic. You must be ready to write it every day to be able to complete it by the deadline. Most students have problems with writing their proposals, because they do not know how to organize their work. Our writing service will provide you with professional dissertation proposal writing help.

Dissertation Proposal Writing Tips:

1. The most important thing is to choose a proper proposal topic. When you are interested in the topic, you will research it eagerly. It is very important to choose a narrow topic to limit your research. If you have chosen a broad complicated topic - concentrate on the one of its subtopics. For example, if you have to write about English literature, do not write about everything chaotically, choose a single period or a writer and research this narrower subtopic.

2. The most difficult thing in the dissertation proposal writing is clarity of your thoughts. You should write your proposal in such a way to make it understandable for people who have never heard of your topic, whose knowledge in your field is limited. If you still can not achieve this point - continue working it out. Rewrite your proposal several times, consult your dissertation proposal adviser, your friends, other students. Finally, you will manage to present your thoughts and ideas clearly.

3. You must remember that if you want to organize a successful dissertation proposal - consult your adviser who will show you the right way, recommend literature and provide you with dissertation proposal requirements which your proposal is expected to meet. When you know exactly what you are expected to cover, it will be easier to prepare the right dissertation proposal, which will satisfy your professor.

4. Start writing your dissertation proposal as soon as possible and never delay it. Write at least something every day, because it is impossible to cope with it in a day time. Focus on your main topic, do not lose the general idea and keep your proposal concrete. When you finish your proposal - show it to your adviser. He will point the weak sides of your paper and you will concentrate on improving the quality of your proposal. Do not be nervous, when you are to rewrite some paragraphs of your dissertation, because it is impossible to complete a good proposal at once.

We hope our dissertation proposal guidelines will help you write a successful paper. If you still have questions and need quality dissertation proposal help - we are 24\7 at your disposal.

How to Write a Thesis Proposal

2012-02-02T10:58:00.000-08:00

How to Write a Thesis Proposal

Writing a thesis proposal is not an easy thing, because the quality of your whole thesis will depend on your proposal. Thesis proposals vary greatly in different institutions but they have common features which are standardized at all universities. If you want to create a successful thesis proposal, our writing service will eagerly provide you with professional thesis proposal writing guidelines.

Thesis Proposal Writing Tips:

1. First of all make a framework for your thesis proposal. The framework should include the topic of the thesis, the methods of your research, ways of collecting data. A good thesis proposal must cover nine main points: introduction, problem statement, research questions, specific objectives, methods, expectations, timeline, publication plan and references. When you organize your thesis proposal in such a way, your adviser or professor can easily define the key points of your thesis.

2. Generally, a thesis proposal must cover 20 pages. Try to organize your proposal properly and add a title page, a table of contents, a work plan and a list of references. When writing the introduction be sure you have described the research you will be doing and how it is related with your discipline. Try to persuade the reader that your topic is extremely important, that you are really interested in it, and want to deepen your knowledge in this field.

3. Writing about the research questions, organize your thoughts in such a way to prove that these questions or problems are really worth clarifying and researching. When you present the methods of your research, try to name as many methods as you can, because it will prove that the results of your research are reliable.

4. Predict the possible results of your thesis. Write what you want to achieve. It will be reasonable to be quite ambitious and write that you hope that your thesis achievements will be a considerable contribution into the human knowledge or into your particular discipline. Do not forget that your thesis is not just a step to gain your degree but the foundation of your future career. That is why try to be creative while writing your thesis and thesis proposal. Fresh ideas are always valuable, so try to prepare an informative dynamic thesis proposal to catch the reader’s attention.

We hope our thesis proposal writing guidelines will help you create a good thesis proposal which will meet all requirements of your professor. You are welcome to join our web site 24\7 if you have problems and questions concerning writing a thesis proposal paper. We are always ready to provide you with professional thesis proposal assistance and thesis writing help.

Dissertation on China

2012-01-16T07:38:00.000-08:00

Dissertation on China

The advantages and disadvantages of the People’s Republic of China entering the World Trade Organization

Introduction

This dissertation abstract is aimed to find out what the advantages and disadvantages are for People’s Republic of China considering joining the World Trade Organization.

The integrative processes going in the society have determined the existence of different international unions; one of the most important of them is the WTO. Sooner or later any country will have to choose whether to take part into international unions or not; China’s leaders have decided that it is better to become a member of WTO.

I have to admit that though there are supporters and opponents of the idea of entering the WTO by China, the purpose of this dissertation research is to take into consideration all factors and estimate the situation in an impartial way.

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1. The World Trade Organization

Since technology and means of communication between countries are actively developing throughout the whole world, the interaction between different institutions in these countries is also increasing in geometric sequence. Naturally international trade is one of such rapidly developing subjects and therefore requires own management institution.

The World Trade Organization is the international body dealing with trade rules between different countries; it includes a lot of agreements (bilateral and multilateral) between world countries, which are the basis for international trade transactions. Besides the most important function of legalizing trade rules between countries, the WTO also has other functions. The main of them are the following: removing different obstacles for free trade within the organization, as long as it doesn’t have a negative impact on the economy of a particular country; to unite and formalize trade treaties among its members, and one more function related with the previous one – to solve conflicts and arguments between countries concerning different issues (for example the recently discussed steel tariffs).

The main principles of the WTO are the following: non-discrimination, liberalization, transparency and predictability, and removals of distortions to trade. In general the WTO contributes to the welfare and economical development of its members as well as helps to increase the competitive ability and quality of the goods, improves trade specialization of countries.

2. The preconditions of China entering the WTO

China now has “the characteristics of a developing country and yet also possessing massive industrial and agricultural potential as well as significant technological and intellectual property capability” [2, p. 215].

China is a unique country concerning its political and economical system, it actually represents the combination of Marxism ideology and principles of free market economy; it is ruled by the bureaucratic administrative system, which is though slowly developing and changing to better due to constant liberalization of public life and economy.

China left the GATT in 1949 and was since that time practically withdrawn from the possibility to develop an active international trade system. The leaders of China have used various protectionist measures to reduce import to their country and to stimulate export (which was still rather difficult because of the lack of interaction and corresponding agreements with potential trade partners). As a result of this, the concurrence inside the country was on a rather low level and most industries and agriculture had little stimulus for development. The step-by-step liberalization has somewhat improved the situation, but the progress of Chinese economy still remains slow compared to China’s extreme trade and industrial potential. During the last decade the economy of China has been very stagnant despite different simulative measures taken by the leaders of the country.

China has taken several attempts to enter the WTO but these attempts were blocked, mainly by the US and EU, because of the inconsistency between the demands of WTO and actual state of law regulations and economy in China. The leaders of the country didn’t want to reduce entrance barriers for foreign firms; other problems were the refusal to reform and to some extent denationalize the banking system and numerous violations of the intellectual property rights in China.

The economical situation within the country has been gradually changing; China has signed numerous trade treaties with world countries, and the leaders of the country decided to make another attempt to enter the WTO. In 2001 China was finally accepted as WTO member, and in my opinion, there was a number of reasons for it. I believe that most important reason were the gradual development of Chinese economy and its increasing importance as a trade partner; also I think that the tragic events of 11 September 2001 were also a reason that quickened the entrance of China to the WTO: the world economy was seriously shaken by those events, and trade equilibrium was about to be lost. The strategic importance of Chinese market and the new opportunities for all members of WTO in case of China’s entering the organization made for accepting this country as the WTO new member.

3. Possible advantages and disadvantages for Chine entering the WTO

The main advantages for all countries entering the WTO are the new trade opportunities and reduction of trade barriers and import tariffs; for China this means a significant increase of Chinese goods export and the efficient stimulation of Chinese economy. Entering the WTO will contribute to liberation and further progress of Chinese economical system; it is most likely that interaction with the members of the organization will stimulate the banking system of China, of course it will also support the positive development of Chinese economy. There is an opinion that Chinese law system will be radically changed because of entering the WTO: due to the necessity to work with foreign lawyers new laws have to be accepted by Chinese leaders and in my opinion, a significantly different law system will be worked out as a result of such economical collaboration. Generally speaking, all branches of economy and related industries will have the opportunity to develop intensively and rapidly, and this is, in my opinion, the main advantage of entering the WTO for China.

Speaking about disadvantages, I have to mention that Chinese enterprises will experience serious concurrence from more developed, equipped, well-organized and effectively managed foreign firms. Due to the long dominance of administrative system of ruling over the development of free market in China most enterprises and firms there are not accustomed to free concurrence conditions; moreover, there exists an opinion that China lacks the proper personnel to work in the conditions of free concurrence and open economy. The policy of protectionism led to weak and slow development of Chinese economical agents, and many economists fear that these firms will not bear the concurrence with more experienced foreign exporters.

One more possible disadvantage is that Chinese system has not yet been properly adjusted to working within the international trade system; entering the WTO means starting active trade processes, concluding treaties and organizing export operations. China doesn’t have the necessary management system to fully experience the advantages of entering WTO, there will be required a lot of effort to accept the changes brought by the international trade partners. The Chinese acceptance of international laws means that there will appear social, economic and political challenges to the society, and it is obvious that though such challenges will be faced at once, the economy of China is not ready to use the new trade advantages most effectively.

Basing on this, a lot of experts say that China will not benefit from entering WTO and that its economy is unable to accept such challenges. In my opinion, this statement is not true. Chinese economy has been step by step approaching to market economy, and I believe that the time has come for China to open the barriers and become an active member of international community.

There will be significant changes in different branches of Chinese economy; first of all, in the sphere of telecommunications: China has signed a number of agreements concerning mobile services, internet service providers and telecommunications regulation. Wide development is predicted in retailing, wholesaling and logistics.

Concerning Chinese law system, there is a gap between the so-called “law-in-theory” and practical law which is likely to be eliminated after entering the WTO; some authors[4, p. 58] think that entering the WTO will change he whole culture of decision-making and dispute settlement in China. Continuing the tendency, I believe that the whole approach to human rights will after all be changed in China.

Also, there may be indirect changes not actually relating to the acceptance of the WTO demands by China, but which may rather be “a result of the more liberal environment that WTO accession will bring” [1, p. 194].

Conclusion

In my opinion, domestic effects entering the WTO for China will be positive for the long-term economic perspective but raise significant political, social and distributional challenges. It is also important to remember that China’s accession has untested potential to alter the shape, structure and content of the international trading system as a whole and to facilitate a new role for China in international geopolitical affairs.

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This is a small excerpt from dissertation on China topic. As free PhD dissertation samples and Master's dissertation proposal examples are plagiarized we recommend you not to use it in your own dissertation or thesis paper. Why not to get online dissertation writing help on China from professional dissertation writing company? Top-rated PhD academic writers will write a custom dissertation on any topic and discipline from scratch!

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Dissertation on Volcanoes

2012-01-16T05:57:00.000-08:00

Dissertation on Volcanoes

Earthquakes mainly occur around the Pacific Ocean and the coastlines bordering on it. These are the coastlines of: eastern region of Asia and Oceania, and the western region of North and South America.

A pattern of earthquakes continue around the coastlines of the following regions: Chile, Peru, west Mexico, west of U.S.A., South of Alaska, Aleutian Islands, Japan, Philippines, Vanuatu, and Fiji islands. Some earthquakes occur off coast. However, based on the map on Q1, these earthquakes generally occur within approximately 150km to 1000km range, from the above regions.

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Active volcanoes are not scattered over the Earth randomly. Instead they tend to bunch up close with each other in particular regions - especially the regions that are bordering the Pacific Ocean. Active volcanoes occur on the coastlines or in-land of: eastern region of Asia and Oceania, Western and central region of Africa, and the western region of North and South America.

Volcanic eruptions tend to occur frequently on the following regions: west Mexico, western region of U.S.A., Aleutian Islands, far eastern region of Russia, Japan, Philippines, Vanuatu, Indonesia, New Guinea, the Mariana Islands, northern New Zealand, Kenya and Uganda. Although most volcanic eruptions occur on coastlines, based on the map in Q1, they can occur inland by up to 500 km away from the nearest coast.

In terms of where they are located, volcanic eruptions seem to occur, more bunched up in specific places, whereas the earthquakes seem to be more spread out. An example would be volcanic eruptions in the eastern Russia and Mexico. Volcanoes in these regions are located closely together - less than 200km apart. In contrast, the earthquakes in the western border of South America are more spread out, although they do leave a clear trail that continues from the North West end to the South West end.

Volcanic eruptions generally occur at a distance of some hundreds of kilometers from the majority of earthquakes. However there is a relationship between the two.

The surface of the Earth (the crust) is broken into units called plates. These plates float over the hot asthenosphere, and move around 1 to 10 cm a year. At the boundaries where the plates meet is where most volcanic eruptions and earthquakes both occur. An example would be a clear pattern of earthquakes and volcanoes called the Pacific ring of fire, occurring on the edge of the Pacific plate.

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This is a small excerpt from dissertation on Volcanoes topic. As free PhD dissertation samples and Master's dissertation proposal examples are plagiarized we recommend you not to use it in your own dissertation or thesis paper. Why not to get online dissertation writing help on Volcanoes from professional dissertation writing company? Top-rated PhD academic writers will write a custom dissertation on any topic and discipline from scratch!

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Cuba Dissertation

2012-01-11T09:46:00.000-08:00

Dissertation on Cuba

This report is a dissertation proposal of changes that need to be implemented in Cuba to assure its future economic survival, growth and proper development of society.

• Monetary policy (money supply). Since Cuba is in economic slump, the monetary policy should be expansionary which in simpler terms would be reflected by low interest rates. Still, as long as Cuba is a planned economy, monetary policy will not work. Keeping interest rates low will be possible only when the country has enough of money which is backed up by gold or US dollars/Euro.

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• Banking functions (keep in mind that Cuba has only one bank). The bank should be the recipient of foreign money and the issuer of bonds/Eurobonds. We plan to create several other branches or independent banks to deal with lending money to the population and borrowing it from rich individuals and foreigners. Banks will work as multipliers of money in the society and will contribute to the better efficiency in finance.

• Foreign trade. Foreign trade should be the primary source of accumulation of hard currency and gold for Cuba. We plan to improve our cooperation with neighboring states including Mexico and the USA (hoping that the US boycott of Cuban goods is removed). Also Cuba should open economic relations with the former soviet Union states that still might depend on goods they used to receive from Cuba (tobacco, sugar). In other words, we will contact as many countries as possible for the establishment of foreign trade. Once again, it is better for our growing economy to have a positive trade balance.

• Foreign exchange reserves and how to increase them. Currently, the only four ways to increase foreign exchange reserves are (a) Foreign trade-positive trade balance (b) Foreign borrowings-issuing bonds (c) Privatization of land and property (d) Lease and rental of property/land to foreigners. I believe that Cuba should borrow some money from the IMF, the Paris club and the World Bank. The money should be used to boost trade.

• Promotion of key industries. Cuba historically had strong industries such as sugar, tobacco, nickel, and tourism. Since this nation has competitive advantage in these industries, the central bank should sponsor these industries in the beginning to upgrade machinery, agricultural and mining tools, and instill new modern beach equipment. These key industries are the industries that will likely to start working effectively first of all and bring in hard currency and gold into Cuba.

• Improvement of public sector services. Public sector services also need to be improved and we should continue investing in healthcare, education and transportation. Bitter as it may sound, we will have to buy foreign cars (Cuba does not produce cars), medical equipment, and possibly invite professors from the neighboring countries if Cuba does not find enough teachers.

• Cuba’s image abroad, especially in the United States. Cuba should constantly work on the ways to improve its image abroad. Cuba already is famous for its athletes in boxing who constantly win competition in the USA. Still Cuba needs to work on the image as a corruption-free, investor-friendly, tourist-waiting country. Corruption thus should be tapped and punished. Bureaucracy should be removed or reduced to allow foreign investors and tourists into the country quickly and easily. The visa procedure should be simplified for certain countries (all first world countries) which Cuba finds as useful trade and political partners. Speaking about making a particular image for the USA, I believe that Cuba should not do that. The USA is smart enough to observe Cuba just like other countries from different perspectives and from reporters in different countries, thus any attempt to trick the USA and make Cuba look good just for the USA would be silly at best. Cuba should have a consistent and congruent image of a country that wants to develop quickly and thus fights bureaucracy, corruption and invites foreign capital. This message would be understood by all countries. No special message should be sent to the USA if Cuba wants to remain an independent country as compared to states in South America who have puppet pro-American presidents.

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This is a small excerpt from dissertation on Cuba topic. As free PhD dissertation samples and Master's dissertation proposal examples are plagiarized we recommend you not to use it in your own dissertation or thesis paper. Why not to get online dissertation writing help on Cuba from professional dissertation writing company? Top-rated PhD academic writers will write a custom dissertation on any topic and discipline from scratch!

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How to Write a Successful Thesis Paper

2012-01-09T02:50:00.000-08:00

How to Write a Successful Thesis Paper

Today’s article is going to be useful for all those students who are searching for a good thesis writing tips. Thousands of students experience difficulties with writing their thesis papers because of the lack of information. On this page you will learn how to write a successful thesis paper and avoid the most usual troubles. Here are our tips and guidelines for writing a good thesis paper.

Step 1: Decide on your topic

In order to create a successful thesis paper - you should find a good topic. What “good” means in this case? First of all make sure your topic is interesting to yourself. It should make you to read and learn more. The name should be catchy in order to attract the reader’s attention. Try to narrow your topic as much as possible - this will make your thesis paper unique and interesting to read at the same time. Moreover, when you narrow the topic you narrow the number of pages to read at the same time. And the last detail about a topic selection - ensure that there is no similar work, but quite enough information for creation of your thesis.

Step 2: Sources

Really a lot depends on how good you select the sources for your future research. We would recommend you to use exceptionally checked and reliable book or articles. The information in the web is not accurate enough, so try to avoid this way. Also, ask your advisor or any other professor about the books he would recommend you to work out. Find all of them in the library and start your research. Make a copy if it is necessarily.

Step 3: The research itself

Just gathering a lot of information in one place is not enough for performing a good research. Make a draft or even take a separate book for writing down the most important facts. Use a highlighter and take an accurate notes. Try to gain as much as possible of useful information, write down the page numbers you wish to read once more after finish.

Step 4: Outline

In order to do a successful thesis paper you need to create an outline first. Outline - is kind of organizational tool used to manage the information that should be presented in thesis paper (or any other academic paper) better. With other words - it is a general plan of your writing. Use numbers, headings and sub heading and decide on what information would be presented in each section. An outline will give you an ability to avoid a lot of troubles associated with organizing your paper. Also it is much easier to track the progress of writing with outline.

We hope this writing tips will be useful to you and your thesis paper will be written successfully and in time.You can also buy thesis paper at www.effectivepapers.com now!

How to Write a Great Dissertation

2012-01-04T11:07:00.000-08:00

How to Write a Great Dissertation

Before getting started to write a dissertation, let us figure out what a dissertation paper is and what are you expected to do. There are several types of dissertations but a general plan is pretty the same for all of them. Writing an undergraduate dissertation students are required to perform the same steps as for writing a PhD or Master’s paper. The only difference is a length and innovations that are not so strictly required on this level. Nevertheless writing any type of dissertation is a real challenge for any student. Here are some guidelines that will help you get started and keep you on track.

Start the preparations
Before starting to write you should organize tones of different things. Managing them well will help you to prepare your dissertation in time and without additional difficulties. Start with organizing your own schedule. In order to stay tuned - you should work on your project every day even if you have less then a half an hour. Stay focus on your work! The next but not less important thing - is the choice of your advisor. Try to chose someone who is really good in your field. For example, you can simply ask the professor about his dissertation topic - if it is really close to yours - that would be the best choice.

Select the topic

Try to start as early as possible. When you have an advisor - ask him about possible topics. Usually professors have a few topics to chose. Do not make your choice right away - sometimes the name can be deceptive. Learn a little bit about each of them and then tell your professor about your choice.

The research part

Sometimes the research part can be much more complicated then writing itself. The research - is a key for creating a good dissertation. If you are asking yourself "how to write a great dissertation?" - the answer is - a great research. First of all find some accurate sources. Ask your advisor what literature would he recommend you. You are free to make copies in the library and work out the material at home. Make some notes while reading and use a highlighter to mark the most important nuances. Do not read the whole book - just find the chapters that you need. Work out as much as possible pages.

Learn the structure

Before starting to put words on paper - learn the structure of dissertation. You can easily find all the requirements (including the structure) at your department in college. Make sure your paper includes such sections: title page, abstract, introduction, literature review, methodology, findings and discussions, conclusion, references and appendices. Do not forget to start preparing your dissertation proposal early.

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Dissertation on Movie Industry

2012-01-04T05:29:00.000-08:00

Dissertation on Movie Industry

The movie industry in America offers a wide variety of movies for audiences to view. American movies are popular around the world. Movies cover a wide range of topics and subject areas. Movies people seem to like fall into three different categories which include, but are not limited to action, drama, and comedy.

Action movies have many fights or battles. Some battles are based on wars from the past. We Were Soldiers shows a battle during Vietnam War. People call this a military-theme action movie. Some other action movies may include fighting against terrorists as in True Lies. This type of movie may portray boxing and race car driving. Some action movies have funny story lines.

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People like these type movies since they make people tense and then relaxed.

Dramatic films focus on the characters and the relationship between the characters and their surroundings. Dramas create all the information available to audience through the character. The movie A Beautiful Mind staring Russell Crowe is a good example. This movie increased the awareness of schizophrenia and how it impacts individuals, families, co-workers, and friends. Someone dealing with abandonment could watch To Kill a Mockingbird. The plot of the movie is the most significant for dramatic films. Dramas offer higher expectations of their characters than any other type of movie. There is a very practical benefit to dramas.

Screenwriters can use the understanding gained from movies with therapeutic messages to build stronger, more believable characters, and plots. Some people do not like dramas because of the slowness of the plot. Some viewers would consider dramas to be sentimental movies.

Comedies are a much like dramas just with a funnier side to the plot. Comedies utilize many of the same principle involved in the creation of dramas. Audiences expect some character development, some believability, and some plot. Usually the plot is developed around an unbelievable character doing something out of the ordinary to create the humor. Comedies can provide their desired affect without all the pieces of a drama, as long as the comedians are believable and funny. Take the movie My Big Fat Greek Wedding; it has a drama based plot, but the characters add the humor to make the viewer laugh. The affect of most comedies is simply to make people laugh, not necessarily to inspire or promote perceptions, comedies have a greater rate of success among viewers. Comedies are simply to make people laugh.

Movies can allow the viewer to relax and let in ideas and feelings. By watching certain movies, the viewer can see how others deal with different problems or issues. Audiences have definite preferences of the movies they watch. It is often impossible to convince an avid dramatic film enthusiast to watch a comedy or action movie. Similarities between movie categories are so prevalent that classifications are seldom made. Viewers should be aware that there are many movies that can cross the line between categories.

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This is a small excerpt from dissertation on Movie Industry topic. As free PhD dissertation samples and Master's dissertation proposal examples are plagiarized we recommend you not to use it in your own dissertation or thesis paper. Why not to get online dissertation writing help on Movie Industry from professional dissertation writing company? Top-rated PhD academic writers will write a custom dissertation on any topic and discipline from scratch!

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Dissertation on Maya Angelou

2012-01-04T02:27:00.000-08:00

Dissertation on Maya Angelou

I know why the caged bird sings was the first autobiography of Maya Angelou. This book tells of her very first years. Maya Angelou was born April 4, 1928 in St. Louis. She was named at birth, Marguerite Johnson by her parents, Bailey and Vivian Baxter Johnson. Her brother, Bailey Jr., named her Maya. The family moved to California when she was an infant. At 3 1/2, her parents divorced. She and her brother moved to Stamps, Arkansas to live with their father's mother, Annie Henderson and Uncle Willie. Annie Henderson, was a proud woman who took very good care of her grandchildren. She was not an educated woman but she had what some may call "mother's wit" meaning she knew how to make intelligent decisions without being formally trained. Maya and Bailey Jr. affectionately called their grandmother, "Momma". Mrs. Henderson raised her grandchildren to respect the lord, themselves, and others. She also taught them that cleanliness was next to godliness. Sometimes it was hard for Maya to respect others especially the Caucasians. Though Mrs.

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Henderson operated a little "trade store" where all the "Negros" traded, she never earned the respect of the whites, even after loaning them money for their business. The food prices were very affordable. One can of powdered milk was worth $.50 in trade, and a five pound can of powdered eggs was $1.00, and ten #2 cans of mackerel was $1.00. While in the store, the offsprings of these people would make a mockery of Maya and Bailey Jr. These actions offended her because her grandmother had shown them such respect. She addressed the small children as "Mr. and Ms". Maya never wanted to adapt to these southern ways.

She refused to speak with a southern accent, or speak the common slang. Maya was very unusual for a small child. She was an over achiever in many ways. Maya's life took a turn for the worst when she was 7 1/2 years old. Their father, Bailey Sr. took Maya and Bailey Jr. to live with their mother in St. Louis. Their mother, Mrs. Baxter, had a live-in boyfriend. His name was Mr. Freeman. Mr. Freeman would do sexual things to little Maya without anyone's knowledge. Finally, early one morning, he forced her to do the unthinkable for a child. He raped her.

Afterward, he warned her that if she told anyone, he would kill Bailey Jr. . After learning of this heinous crime to her daughter, Mrs. Baxter took her to the hospital and brought charges against her boyfriend. The charges brought about a jury trial. It was a very frightening time for Maya. After all, she was only 7 1/2 years old. On the witness stand, Maya could not admit that she had let Mr. Freeman touch her inappropriately, so she lied when asked the question by his lawyer. Because of her denial, Mr. Freeman was only given one year and one day, but he never got a chance to do his time. His lawyer got him released that very afternoon.

The next morning his body was found beaten to death behind the alley. It was rumored that Maya's uncles had been guilty of this crime. Upon learning of Mr. Freeman's death, Maya felt that her lying caused him to die. She also felt that she had forfeited her place in heaven forever; she thought that she had sold herself to the devil with no escape. So at this moment, she decided to stop talking to everyone except for Bailey Jr. She is mute for five years. The family related this behavior to post-rape trauma or hospital phobia. Shortly thereafter, Maya and Bailey Jr.

returned to Stamps, Arkansas. There she continued to be silent. Back home in Stamps, Maya was made acquaintance to a charming lady by the name of Mrs. Bertha Flowers. She was a strikingly beautiful woman that Maya had admired from afar. She soon introduced her to poetry. Maya learned to write poetry by reading it. This became her most loved hobby. During this time of silence, Maya felt she knew why "The Caged Bird Sings". Although, she had placed herself in a cage, she felt that it was better to keep quiet than to say things that hurt others. Cotton picking time was very popular during this era.

Maya saw first-hand-- the burden that cotton picking had placed on the people of Arkansas. She saw the cut fingers, and tired worn out bodies from cotton-picking time. In cotton-picking time the late afternoons revealed the harshness of Black Southern life, which in the early morning had been softened by nature's blessing of grogginess, forgetfulness and the soft lamplight. At the tender age of 10 a white's woman kitchen became her finishing school. The years that followed were times of renewing her gospel faith, writing poetry, being an excellent academic student, and being admired by the opposite sex.

She even found a friend by the name of Louise; together they became the smartest girls in the class. In 1940, Maya graduated with honors from Lafayette country training School. She felt angry and upset that the graduation guest speaker, Mr. Edward Donleavy, had tried to limit their expectations in life. Mr. Donleavy's attitude only made Maya dream more about bigger and better things. After graduation, Maya developed a very bad toothache, and needed to have an extraction done. Traveling by foot, Maya and Mrs. Henderson went looking for a dentist. The dentist name was Dr. Lincoln. Mrs.

Henderson took her to him because he had once asked her for a favor. He was a white man that had borrowed money from her to keep his practice open. In 1940, Maya graduated with honors from Lafayette country training school. She felt angry and upset that the graduation guest speaker, Mr. Edward Donleavy, had tried to limit their expectations in life. Mr. Donleavy's attitude only made Maya dream more about bigger and better things. After graduation, Maya developed a very bad toothache, and needed to have an extraction done. Traveling by foot, Maya and Mrs. Henderson went looking for a dentist. The dentist name was Dr.

Lincoln. Mrs. Henderson took her to him because he had once asked her for a favor. He was a white man that had borrowed money from her to keep his practice open. Dr. Lincoln refused to service Maya because she was black. He said that his policy was "he'd rather stick his hand down a dog's mouth than in a nigger's." Mrs. Henderson reminded him of her kindness to him, yet he still refused. Tricked into believing that he still owed her interest on the money borrowed, he gave her $10 and referred her to a colored dentist. At age thirteen, Maya left Arkansas for good. Mrs.

Henderson felt that the time had come for Maya and Bailey Jr. to rejoin their mother in California. She accompanied Maya to California. Bailey joined them about a month after their arrival. She stayed with them for six months. Although life in California was a bit different, racism still remained. On the bus, some of the whites refused to share the same seat with blacks. Maya continued to excel academically. While in high school, Maya received a two-year scholarship to study dance and drama at the California Labor School.

There she learned the craft of dancing and acting very well. Soon after, she found employment as the first black San Francisco streetcar conductor, but life in California was still awkward. Maya's physical appearance caused her to question her own femininity. She thought herself to be a lesbian. She began to wonder if sexual intercourse with a male was the answer. To satisfy her curiosity, Maya chose to have sexual relations with a boy from the neighborhood that she barely knew. This resulted in her giving birth to a baby boy. She never married the father of her son. At the age of fifteen she learned about motherhood.

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This is a small excerpt from dissertation on Maya Angelou topic. As free PhD dissertation samples and Master's dissertation proposal examples are plagiarized we recommend you not to use it in your own dissertation or thesis paper. Why not to get online dissertation writing help on Maya Angelou from professional dissertation writing company? Top-rated PhD academic writers will write a custom dissertation on any topic and discipline from scratch!

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Dissertation on Bill Gates

2011-12-26T01:21:00.000-08:00

Dissertation on Bill Gates

Bill Gates once stated, "We are crossing a technology threshold that will forever change the way we learn, work, socialize, and shop. It will affect all of us and businesses of every type in ways far more pervasive than most people recognize" (Microsoft.com 1994) in a speech, in which he described his vision of the future. His statement, given many years ago, is now a reality as seen in the boom of the computer industry. From government organizations to business enterprises to libraries and to suburban homes, computers are seen and used everywhere playing a big role in the lives of many throughout the world. Gates's company, Microsoft, has led this sudden escalation over the past 20 years through its computer software development and technology research. It may seem that Bill Gates is not a punk because of his huge contributions to society. However, it was because of Bill Gates's punk attitude that permitted him to revolutionize computing and to become what he is today, the co-founder of Microsoft. Gates is a punk because he challenged the educational system, monopolized the computer industry, and set new standards for the computer industry. Bill Gates did not conform to the educational system from when he was a child to an adolescent, from skipping class to program computers to dropping out of college to start a business. Furthermore, he established monopoly control over PC operating systems, violating the anti-trust law. Finally, Gates's ambitions for advancing technology and new standards for the computer industry led to the sudden increase of computers allowing for new companies to spring up and jobs to be created.

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Bill Gates's subtle but obvious opposition against education is proof that he is a punk. Born in 1955, Gates attended public elementary school, and enrolled in the private Lakeside School at age of 12. The following year, he wrote his first computer program, at a time when computers were still room-sized machines run by scientists in white coats. Very soon afterwards, he and his friend Paul Allen wrote a scheduling program for the school, which coincidentally placed the two in the same classes as the prettiest girls in school. Among other projects, they developed a program that allowed a computer to count the holes punched in cards by highway traffic monitoring devices. This soon led to Gates's first company, Traf-O-Data, which sold traffic-monitoring system info to local authorities in the Seattle area, earning "$20,000 in its first year alone" (American Decades 1990-1999 2001). In the fall of 1972, Gates took on a programming job nearby Vancouver, Washington that paid $20,000 annually, and still managed to graduate with his high school class. While other kids were in school, Gates was already earning money and becoming a businessman. However, this punk attitude was not only present in Gates's high school career; it was also portrayed during his undergraduate at Harvard. In his junior year at Harvard, he dropped out to team up with Paul Allen and "moved to Albuquerque, New Mexico, to head a company that he called "Micro-soft"" (American Decades 1990-1999 2001), a now popular name among many. Because of Gates's disinterest in schooling and interest in computers, he is a punk.

Another reason why Gates is a punk is because Microsoft was accused of breaking the anti-trust law. After the anti-trust trial, Judge Jackson wrote up a "blunt 412-paragraph j" accuse that nails Microsoft not only on the two most critical issues "that is has monopoly control over PC operating systems and that it wields power in ways that harm American consumers - but on virtually every count brought against it" (Time 1999). However, Microsoft begged to differ. Microsoft argued that the company had broken no laws and done no harm to consumers. Microsoft was also charged with overcharging their products because there is no competition. It is also alleged that Gates used illegal methods to smother competition. "Smaller firms have suffered when they found themselves in Microsoft's way. For several years, Microsoft was under investigation by the Federal Trade Commission for anti-competitive business practices based on charges that the company had used it overwhelming size to crush the competition" (American Decades 2001). Netscape, Apple, and Intel have all fallen victim to Microsoft's gigantic corporation. In one case, Intel had developed a technology that threatened Windows's software standards. Gates threatened to cut Windows support of Intel Pentium Processors if Intel did not cease to work on the developing technology. Judge Jackson decided that Microsoft had to be split up into two separate companies, one that developed Microsoft Windows and one that developed the other Microsoft software such as Encarta and Office. Gates's illegal ways used to eliminate competition and establish a monopoly shows that Gates is a punk.

Gates is a punk because his determined plans to advance computer technology were unheard of. When Bill Gates was born, less than 500 computers existed in the world. The main focus in the computer world was hardware and the term "software" was unknown. Bill Gates saw this opportunity and took advantage of it, creating Microsoft and becoming the richest person in the world. "As of 1999, Gates was worth at least $87.5 billion dollars." (American Decades 1990-1999 2001) Many had thought Gates was too ambitious and thought the idea couldn't be implemented. However, Gates has proved them wrong and Windows software is now used all over the world.

Gates is not a punk because he helped advance technology to what it is now for the better of the society. Because of Gates, our world is filled with computers allowing consumers to access and communicate with each other much easier than it had been in the seventies. Also, Gates is not a punk because he has set up two huge foundations, the William H. Gates Foundation and the Gates Learning Foundation, to fund charitable and philanthropic work, offering over 6 billion dollars of money. Gates and his wife, Melinda, also launched the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation "to support philanthropic initiatives in global health, especially in the Third World, and in education, especially in the inner cities and low-income communities of the United States and Canada" (American Decades 1990-1999 2003). Even though this is true, Gates is still a punk because he acquired this huge wealth by means of illegal methods. Gates is a punk because he violated anti-trust laws and established a monopoly over the computer software industry. Not only did he establish a monopoly, he also eliminated competition by using threats and bribes, resulting in an anti-trust case regarding Microsoft's monopoly over the software industry.

"The idea of a computer on every desk and in every home has evolved into one of computers in a huge variety of places - every room, car, pocket-that 10 years ago we would scarcely have even imagined." (Microsoft, 1994). Bill Gates's punk attitude has allowed this idea to become a reality, not just another dream. Gates's interest over computers started out as a hobby, but through a strong determination and ambition, his authority over computers is now extremely influential and significant. Gates is a punk of society because he defied the educational system, he established an illegal monopoly over the computer industry, and he effectively industrialized our society to one that is overflowing with computers. This punk attitude has allowed him to become very successful in life and has allowed him to become what he is today, the richest man in the world.

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This is a small excerpt from dissertation on Bill Gates topic. As free PhD dissertation samples and Master's dissertation proposal examples are plagiarized we recommend you not to use it in your own dissertation or thesis paper. Why not to get online dissertation writing help on Bill Gates from professional dissertation writing company? Top-rated PhD academic writers will write a custom dissertation on any topic and discipline from scratch!

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Dissertation on Russia

2011-12-25T02:56:00.000-08:00

Dissertation on Russia

Identify the interests of Russia at the Congress of Vienna. Tsar Alexander was complex and unpredictable, and his liberal inclinations conflicted with both his religious piety and his authoritarian tendencies. One objective never faltered however, and that was his idie fixe to restoring a large Polish state with himself as King.

Describe the origins of the Congress System in terms of the Holy Alliance. Tsar Alexander's Holy Alliance that allied Austria, Prussia and itself, illustrated the need for a defensive pact to check security in the Concert of Europe. Even though the Holy Alliance was nonsense, its basis on British concerns from ten years prior for checks and balances in continental Europe were present. Thus the origins of the Congress System, although lying primarily in the Quadruple Alliance of 1815, were significantly bolstered by Alexander's Holy Alliance.

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Why was Tsar Alexander not satisfied with the Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, 1818? Tsar Alexander proposed an expansion of the Quadruple Alliance to an alliance of five by including France at the Congress. By doing this he hoped to produce a Franco-Russian alignment against Britain and Austria. Britain proposed a compromise however that would admit France into the Alliance so long as the Great Powers renewed their commitments against France as part of the Treaty of Chaumont. Tsar Alexander was not satisfied because this meant he could not institute his Alliance Solidaire, a universal union that guaranteed territories to the monarchs that presided over them. This was the most important facet of the meeting as the Tsar albeit unsuccessfully tried to change the alliance that existed from the Congress of Vienna into a territorial guarantee.

List two reasons Russia had for taking action against the Turks in the Greek Revolt that led up to the Congress of Verona, 1822. Relate Russia's actions at the Congress. Russia had two reasons to take action against the Turks: the Greeks were members of the Orthodox religion, which Russia was the guardian of, and the non-fulfillment by Turkey of the Treaty of Bucharest (1812). The Tsar resigned himself to wait on a decision by the Congress, as he did not know what action to take. Metternich convinced him that the Greek revolt was part of an "international revolutionary conspiracy". Similarly, Metternich was able to convince the Tsar to send simultaneous Protest Notes, along with the other Powers, instead of defying the Troppau Protocol.

Tell how Russia ignored the Troppau Protocol in 1827, during Greek Revolt. When Russia, backed by Britain and France, interceded in the Greek Revolt of 1827 she disobeyed the Protocol's mandate. In defiance of Austrian and Prussia pleas, Russia assisted a revolt against legitimate Turkish policy, thus breaking the mandate of the Alliance.

Describe the relationship between Louis Philippe and Tsar Nicholas 1, in the years leading up to 1831. Due to his refusal to accept Louis Philippe as King of France until January, 1831, the Tsar strained relations between the two countries so much that Franco-Russian alignment was deemed highly unlikely for almost 20 years.

Explain the Polish Revolt of 1830-1 in terms of Russian actions. In essence, the Tsar facilitated the Polish Revolt when he ordered military mobilization to deal with potential revolutionary threat in Poland from France. The Polish Warsaw garrison revolted against Russian rule, due to romantic nationalism organized by the battalion leaders in secret societies. The strength of the revolt lay in the numbers in that the Polish army outnumbered Russian army in Poland, leading to early victories by the Polish. The revolt lacked of mass support, especially from peasantry, however. It split moderate and radical revolutionary groups, which further weakened revolt, to Russia's favor. Spring 1831 turned to Russian favor, resulted in strict military rule, effectively a Russification to weaken Polish nationalism.

Tell "the most significant outcome of the changing alignment in 1815-1848" in terms of Russian policy (hint: concerns Russo-British relations). When the Quadruple Alliance deteriorated so much that war between powers seemed almost certain in the1840s, British and Russia cooperation over this issue, against France, led to increased Anglo-Russian relations. They constructed closer agreements between 1841 and 1846 on issues such as Spain. Furthermore, the two countries alignment shows the flexibility in ideological differences during the period, and after the revolutions of 1848. Fundamentally, ideological divide ceased to have significance in relations of Powers. Willingness of Russia and Great Britain to work together in interest of peace, after revolutions of 1848, was most significant outcome of changing alignment in 1815-1848. Furthermore, Anglo-French disagreement enabled Russia to suppress the Poland Revolt, ending independence outlined in its 1815 treaties, without serious repercussions.

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This is a small excerpt from dissertation on Russia topic. As free PhD dissertation samples and Master's dissertation proposal examples are plagiarized we recommend you not to use it in your own dissertation or thesis paper. Why not to get online dissertation writing help on Russia from professional dissertation writing company? Top-rated PhD academic writers will write a custom dissertation on any topic and discipline from scratch!

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Dissertation on Drunk Driving

2011-12-19T02:27:00.000-08:00

Dissertation on Drunk Driving

With 37,043 fatal crashes in 1999, and 41,611 victims, the "brakes need to be pressed" on bad drivers. (FARS'1). To many people are involved in motor-vehicle accidents each year. The laws on these bad drivers need to be strengthened and enforced in order to protect each other. Driving laws for teens, DWI and DUI, aggressive and reckless driving and speeding is not good enough and enforced enough for the safety of others. All you have to do as a teenager to obtain your driver's licenses in the state of Virginia is hold your learners permit for 6 months, pass a written test, and get a few hours of road practice within the school or another program and pass a small road test. This does not prepare the teenagers for driving.

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They learn nothing about real life situations; how to respond to inclement weather, how to react to other drivers' actions, and what to do in case of an accident. Many teenagers are ill prepared for driving. "I don't think the law should be so punitive as to keep someone from going to work or school. I don't think everyone believes you should get one speeding ticket and you should lose your right to get to work and school." ('Rep. John White 1) Teens would still have the right to get to work and school, just not driving themselves.

Walking, the buses, riding a bike, getting a ride, many options are still open to teens as modes of transport. Driving is not a right; it is a privilege. 23,157 teens have had their licenses revoked for various reasons. This still has not yet changed the amount of accidents and deaths caused by teens. (Ledford 1) Drunk drivers are probably the worst drivers on the road. "On average, one person is injured every 2 minutes in alcohol related accidents." (Does America Need'1). Many people consider that if all states changed their legal limit to .08, then 500 to 600 fatal accidents a year could be avoid. When drivers are drunk, they think that they are good drivers.

They loose all inhibitions and the ability to think and perceive. Many also think that they are actually driving very well. Reaction time is slowed down greatly. Drunk drivers cause 38 percent of all traffic deaths. (Does America Need'1). "There is a direct correlation between lower BAC limits and decreases in alcohol-related accidents." (Does America Need'1). BAC readings are sometimes unreliable, depending on the food eaten, or medication the person is currently taking. This is why some states are fighting to keep the standard and .10, instead of .08 BAC.

More then 40 percent of teenage deaths are caused by car accidents, 38.9 percent of that are alcohol related. Aggressive drivers are just as bad as drunk drivers are. Swerving in and out of lanes, speeding, and cutting people off. Who has not seen these drivers before? Aggressive drivers cause road rage. When one driver cuts of another, the driver that got cut off gets angry. He may just swear of honk the horn. Or he may take drastic measures and rear-end the driver that cut him off. Most states are now starting to crack down on aggressive drivers and road rage. Tickets and points on their licenses won't help.

They need to be stopped before it is too late. The laws that are already in place about road rage and aggressive driving are too weak and poorly enforced. Large fines and ever jail time should be issued for aggressive drivers and drivers with road rage. Tied in with aggressive driving is speeding. People are always in a rush to get somewhere, and speed down the road. Sometimes, people race cars on the streets for enjoyment. These races can reach speeds up to 100 mph. 32 percent of all drivers 15-24 involved in fatal crashes were speeding.

(Eye Opening Statistics 1) Drinking and speeding are also related. Many teens that have been involved in speeding related crashes have been drinking. Males tend to speed more often the females. About 40 percent of males involved in crashes, were speeding. (Eye Opening Statistics 1) When a car reaches speeds above 80 mph, the driver tends to loose control. The slightest mistake in steering can cause the car to flip or spin out. Also, driving at high speeds, the driver has less reaction time.

If a car or person goes out in front of the speeding car, chances are the driver in the car will not have enough time to react properly, and will usually cause an accident. "In states that increased the highway speed limit to 65 mph, the fatalities increased by 30%." (Eye Opening Statistics 1) This proves that speed causes accidents, and the speed limits on the highways should be lowered. But just lowering the speed limit won't help. The speed limit needs to be enforced to bring the number of accidents down. Car accidents are one of the major causes of deaths in the US, especially among young people. To protect each other, the laws of driving need to be strengthened and enforced, or else more people will keep getting hurt and killed.

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Dissertation on Sports

2011-12-15T09:40:00.000-08:00

Dissertation on Sports

The social construction of gender roles is an important issue in today's society. Gender roles, which stem from cultural values, determine power, prestige and place within society. Why, in this modern era, are there still culturally constructed gender roles? Why, in the twenty-first century, is there still inequality between men and women? Half of the world's female population has traditionally been excluded or discouraged from participating in sports, especially male-dominated sports. Sports reflect people's ideas about masculinity and femininity, and many believe that females should not act or play like males. Today, however, women are fighting more than ever to abolish these gender inequalities. Despite their battles, there are still many barriers and obstacles for women in sports. Many claim that allowing women to play negatively affects team members' cohesion and therefore team performance. On the other hand, there are many today who accept and even promote women's participation in sports. Sports promote good health and physical fitness, to which females have a right equal to that of men.

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The development of women's athletic abilities, whether contributing to a team or competing individually, should be seen as a sign of a modern, equal society. This essay argues that there should be increased integration of men and women in all sports, and that conventional ideas of "masculinity" and "femininity" must be made more flexible. The media have a great responsibility in promoting these changes to help alleviate social inequalities. Girls and women encounter the most resistance when they play sports that have traditionally been the "flag carriers of masculinity".

In the past, notions of female frailty were grounded in ideology rather than in nature. Anything related to strength, power, and speed was considered the domain of men. Sports in the past greatly resembled society - men were the workforce, doing the "hard" work, while women stayed at home and did the "easy" work. But society has changed in recent years, and it seems natural that sports should follow suit. In fact, there has been change, but it is a slow process.

The process began with "gender morning", in which rules of the game were manipulated in order to accommodate women. But at least women are now playing the sports they have tried for so long to own for themselves. It is generally males who have the most trouble coping with these changes. Some say the games have changed due to women's presence. But if men are seen as naturally strong and tough, then women should likewise posses their own beneficial qualities.

Males' and females' biological differences may actually enhance the games. For example, a female ice hockey player would be small enough to manoeuvre around bigger players, make smaller turning angles and generally be more agile throughout the game. This is what Hayley Wickenheiser did. She proved to men that she could play in a male professional hockey league by being the first woman to actually score a point in a men's league. This was an important event for all the women hockey players who never thought they would have a chance to play with men, because now it is possible. Wickenheiser's story demonstrated that women can play as well as men and even better, for that matter.

Events like this have made people re-examine traditional gender roles, especially as they apply to sports. When it comes to females joining formerly all-male teams, many men also question team cohesion. Cohesion is an important concept in the study of sport psychology. It results through social interactions and communications within a group. Cohesion in a group facilitates the effectiveness of a group with regards to performance and productivity.

In other words, any team operates better when its athletes are unified. Women interact with males in everyday life, so why would they reduce team cohesion? Team cohesion starts to break down when woman have to dress in separate rooms from the men, and have different rules and special exceptions applied to them. Most team bonding occurs off the field, but when women are separated from the men, they miss out on team bonding, an important aspect of team sports which contributes greatly to team cohesion. People who do not promote female participation in male leagues must recognize that by outcasting the women, they themselves are the ones responsible for damaging cohesion. If woman were made to observe the same principles and rules as men, they would be better accepted by the male members and could bond with them better, yielding a more productive team.

Most men believe in fair play, but they do not allow women the same opportunities because they do not like the idea of a woman directly competing with and performing better than a man. Thus, they are hindering women from demonstrating their full abilities.

But the truth is that woman can be just as intense and violent as men, and by allowing women the opportunity to show what they can do, the world of male-dominated sports will see that woman can compete on par with men. For now, women must fight for their positions as athletes on male teams, and must work extra hard to bond with their male teammates. One woman who fought for her right to play was Heather Sue Mercer, a place-kicker who tried out for the Duke University football team. She had excelled as a place-kicker on her high school team, but she began facing obstacles when she started practicing during the off-season with Duke University. The coach told the media that she had made the team, but when the season started he kept her off the team. When Mercer asked the coach why he was doing so, he replied that he didn't want the pressure of dealing with a female player on his football team.

He even went so far as to ask her why she wasn't competing in beauty pageants instead of playing football. Mercer took her case to court and won, but Duke University plans to appeal the decision. Mercer's case is a clear example of the continuing discrimination against women's participation in traditionally "male" sports, demonstrating that, even at a university, many still think that women do not have a role in such sports. The world is constantly changing, and it is no wonder that the world's most popular pastime "sports", will change with it.

We must remember that once only the rich played sports like tennis, but now it is taught worldwide at public institutions like the YMCA. Eventually, the majority of people will accept the social changes taking place today, and there will hopefully no longer be gender inequalities in sports. Quite possibly, a future society may see as barbaric the days when women were not allowed in male-dominated sports. Gender is a major part of culture and society. Male and female are consistently being categorized and classified in ways that determine power and prestige in society.

It is very difficult to be a woman in some sports because of the inequalities between the sexes. In most popular sports, men's teams have more prestige than women's teams. However, there are also sports that are traditionally considered "feminine", where men have less prestige and power. This, too, exemplifies inequalities regarding gender roles that are part of our social structure. When a person enters a non-traditional sport for his/her sex, many social and moral challenges arise for that person. The intentions of the individual will be questioned, as well as his/her personal interest in the sport.

These questions are based on current definitions of "masculinity" and "femininity".

As defined by the Oxford Dictionary, "femininity" is "of, like, or traditionally considered suitable for women." The definition of "masculinity" is "of, like, or traditionally considered suitable for men." So the question arises, what is traditionally considered suitable for men or women? Society adopts specific gender roles that tell us what is considered suitable. Gender roles are made of perceptions that are based on learned interpretations; these learned interpretations are learned from and among persons in social interactions. Perceptions are only made by what we are thought. Our perceptions, values, causes, and worth are socially produced. Without social interaction, and views of our peers, gender roles would not have an infinite outcome on today's society.

(Monaghan & Just, 2000, PAGE #) When women decide to participate in sports traditionally "male" sports such as bodybuilding, they run the risk of being socially stereotyped as lesbians, or viewed as "less feminine" then, for example, female figure skaters. Tennis star Venus Williams has been noted as being very masculine in build and her performance has been judged based on that. The media have commented on how well she plays, and have compared her to men in her sport. She receives fewer endorsements than many other tennis players do because of her looks. Similarly, men place themselves in the same situation when they chose to participate in traditionally "female" sports like field hockey.

They may be stereotyped as gay or less "masculine" than ice hockey players. In sports where gender roles have been challenged, there has been a change in the way these sports are viewed by the public. Gymnastics, for example, began as an all-male sport. It was believed that women did not have the build or strength to compete in this sport. In the 1928 Olympics, women were allowed to compete in the gymnastics team events. In 1952, women were allowed to compete in the individual competitions.

Over time, women showed male and female spectators alike that women can acquire the athletic build to compete in sports traditionally played only by men. In order for a person to enter a non-traditional sport for their sex without being criticized about gender morality, society must create flexible definitions for "femininity" and "masculinity". Society must begin to accept that both men and women can compete in a variety of sports, regardless of past notions of traditional gender-specific sports. Women should be allowed to participate in traditionally "male" sports like ice hockey, bodybuilding, and boxing without being stereotyped as lesbians.

Men should be allowed to participate in traditionally "female" sports like synchronized swimming and field hockey without losing their "masculinity". A person does not lose his/her gender because he/she chooses to participate in a particular sport, nor does the game lose its vitality when members of both sexes participate in it. Society must become more understanding towards the participation of both men and women in non-traditional sports and refrain from stereotyping them as less "masculine" or "feminine" when they do not play the "correct" gender role. Of course, sports are not the only aspect of life that has been socially constructed along gender lines.

Women and men have problems with gender roles in their everyday lives. We live in a patriarchal society and, as Johnson describes: In most patriarchal societies, for example, boys are valued more than girls. In many societies, the birth of a boy is celebrated and the birth of a girl is greeted as a disappointment if not a catastrophe. Even in the United States, when people are asked which gender they'd prefer if they could have only one child, boys are still preferred over girls.

In many cases, the higher cultural value placed on maleness translates into an unequal distribution of resources within the family. (Johnson, 99) This fact is somewhat sad, but true. Women are more often the victim of gender inequality than are men, and this is why many parents would rather have boys than girls. In many Western societies, girls are often left to die or are sold off to marriage or prostitution (Johnson, 99). In other parts of the world, too, the social construction of gender has brought disgrace to women. A prime example of this is a scene I witnessed first-hand while visiting Morocco.

I was in a van with several other visitors, being driven to the airport, when we saw a man beating a woman. Unlike in Canada, such a scene was accepted in Morocco. The Moroccan driving the van told us that the woman must have had been bad and therefore deserved punishment. This kind of behavior and attitude towards seems inhuman. But not all cultures are alike and, as in sports, it is very hard to change the traditional ideas of society. Is it really that much harder to be a woman, is it just a gender role that has been put in place by history, or is it that society has been constructed this way? One important source of social influence is the mass media.

The media consistently surround us; they shape our ideas and, often, our lives. Mass media is a powerful factor, which influences our beliefs, attitudes, and the values we have of ourselves and others as well as the world surrounding us. Media does not merely communicate and reflect reality in a more or less truthful way. Instead, media production entails a complex process of negotiation, processing, and reconstruction. It not only offers us something to see, but also shapes the way in which we see by creating' shared perceptual modes.

Media messages are used and interpreted by audiences according to their own cultural, social, and individual circumstances. This interpretation is influenced by a variable referred to as special media logic. (Koivula, 2) As sports are heavily dependent on media coverage, the media's portrayal of sports and other aspects of life constantly influence sports fans. "Mass media is perhaps of even greater importance regarding sport because the overwhelming majority of spectators observe athletic events through mass media" (Koivula, 3). It has also been proven that the media show less of women's sports than of men's sports.

Therefore, the sports audience is largely male. Sports like gymnastics and figure skating do attract a large female audience, but nothing compared to that for men's sports. In addition, women's leagues of traditionally "male" sports are not broadcast on television as much as the men's leagues. This is how the mass media maintains the status quo concerning gender roles in sports. Perhaps without so much dependence on the media, there wouldn't be as many inequalities in sports. In recent years, traditional gender roles in sports are being followed less and challenged more.

This is especially true in universities, where women commonly play traditionally "male" sports, such as rugby and ice hockey. However, there are still many problems with the media portrayal of men and women in sports. Major magazines and billboards often picture physically "perfect" people. These images may not even be real, but men and women alike aspire to these images and want to look like these people. The public often believes that these models really are what men and women are supposed to look and be like.

This can cause serious physical and mental health problems when people try to look exactly like these models. George Ritzer's concept of "McDonaldization" can be applied to the media's portrayal of masculinity and femininity. The process of McDonaldization in an industry persuades its audience by giving them a path to achieving their desires. Ritzer explains that an important dimension of the process is predictability. People become accustomed to an everyday routine, waking up every morning at the same time, performing the same tasks every day, and when there is change they feel lost.

When they watch a certain program on television, they have expectations of what they will see. It's like going to McDonald's for a hamburger, where the consumer knows that the hamburger is going to have the same toppings and taste as it did last time. When watching sports, too, people have expectations. They do not expect to watch females playing traditionally "male" sports. The media has helped create these expectations by consistently portraying men as powerful and women as inactive and pretty.

These are not the images that we want to convey to our children and our future generations if we want to correct gender-based inequalities. Until the media changes its portrayal, society will continue to suffer from gender inequalities. Although the situation has gotten better for women, it has not yet reached its maximum potential. A world that is perfectly fair may never exist, but there are a lot of things that can realistically be done. One major focal point for change should be the media. With the exception of its coverage of the Olympic games, the media seems to be purposefully perpetuating the status quo by covering men's sporting events far more than women".

It may be that the male-dominated media do not want women to be seen as equals in the world of sports, and therefore give little coverage to women's events. If this were to change and the media provided more coverage of women's events, women might be given more opportunities to participate in a variety of sports. Over the years, views of masculinity and femininity have changed. Men have changed their attitudes towards masculinity dramatically over the years.

It used to be that physical strength, as defined by the amount of weight one could lift, was categorized as being masculine, but nowadays women, too, are in the gyms, developing muscle for increased strength, and men are constantly being exposed to physically strong women. These women are not seen as "masculine"; they are only trying to get their bodies in shape and stay healthy. Similarly, it is now "correct" to see women in ice hockey and men in figure skating. With the changing face of society and the world of sports changing to accommodate social trends, woman' occupational and family roles are also slowly being redefined.

In the future, if a mother plays professional hockey, she will no doubt create more revenue for her family than a hard-working office dad. This kind of idea challenges the dominant social structure by putting the female in a traditionally masculine role. One wonders whether, when society reaches this point, the notion of gender roles will even matter. The point is that ideas of what is masculine and what is feminine are socially constructed, and change as society changes. In the future, there will likely still be unequal views of masculinity and femininity, and people may still look down on men in traditionally "feminine" roles and vice versa.

However, the situation has improved greatly over the past century. We are becoming a society that accepts males' and females' participation in any sport. This is in part because the media have made some change towards showing more men and women in non-traditional sports on television, billboards, and in magazines. When the media accepts gender equality in sports, the public will begin to accept it as well, consciously or unconsciously. Maybe in another ten years, there won't be any more gender inequalities and finally the world of sports will be equally accessible to males and females alike.

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Dissertation on Nursing

2011-12-15T02:27:00.000-08:00

Dissertation on Nursing

Introduction

The four concepts of the nursing metaparadigm as described in Orem's theory are: Person Environment Health Nursing My perspective of the four concepts has changed somewhat after studying Orem's theory. My thoughts of the "Person" have become more focused on to one that is the recipient of nursing care only when they cannot administer self-care. My view of the "Environment" now includes a developmental environment. My previous understanding of "Health" did not include such emphasis on health promotion and health maintenance. My view of "Nursing" now includes the understanding of the importance of nursing theory as applied to practice settings and in the development of nursing as a profession. Person Orem describes the person as a patient; an individual functioning biologically, socially and symbolically. She describes the person as having the capacity to learn and develop, has the capacity for self-knowledge and is capable of engaging in deliberate actions to meet their self- care requirements for the maintenance of health.

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She also states that if the individual is incapable of taking care of him / herself, then others must provide the care. The others in this case can be the nurse or a family member. She states that individuals are subject to the forces of nature. Orem through her theory self care deficit has put forth the idea that people can benefit from nursing because they are subject to health related limitations that render them incapable of continuous self-care. Wesley (1992).

In other words when the individual's health breaks down for whatever reason, the nurse is there to come to the rescue by doing what is in her power to help the health related problem either on her own or with the collaboration with other health care professionals. Orem's definitions have crystallized my own thoughts on treating patients as intelligent people who are much more capable of learning about how to deal with their illness than often given credit for by health care professionals. It emphasizes the need for communication and patient education with regard to administering self care and that receiving hospital help is a supplement to the patient's own self-care efforts.

In the past when people entered hospital they were treated as passive recipients of care. Orem's theory supports the shift in emphasis to the "Person" and self-empowerment towards self-care. Environment Orem's concept for the "Environment" not only covers the actual physical surroundings and social or psychosocial elements but also addresses developmental aspects. My original thoughts concerning the "Environment" were mainly along physical and social surroundings and that the developmental element was really another concept.

However, on further reflection it does seem appropriate to include these three aspects under one concept since they all impact on the "Person" to various degrees. Orem's theory presents a more comprehensive definition of the environment. Traditionally care for the patient's environment focused on physical and social aspects, such as noted in Florence Nightingale's theory. Orem conveys the importance of creating a developmental environment for the patient, which establishes goals and the desire to achieve them.

These goals can include improved attitude and physical development, which ultimately can have a profound impact on the potential recovery of a patient. Health One can not discuss health without mentioning health care, which has become a major concern for Canadians today, with health costs spiraling out of control. There is an increasing need to explore alternative methods to deliver care. This growing population in need of health care forces a shift from the traditional medicine, where the patient is passively cared for, to a more proactive recipient who is informed and capable of making decisions, which affect the direction of their care.

This self-responsibility is a new movement in health promotion today. This is not a new concept to nursing theorist Orem who states that human beings have the potential to develop their cognitive and psychomotor skills as well as the motivation essential for the actions required maintaining health. McBride (1999). One of the concepts that is consistent throughout her theory is the emphasis on self care, where the individual takes responsibility for his or her own health and takes actions to promote health and maintain it to prevent illness. Hartwig (1989).

She views health as the opposite to illness, where the individual can help prevent illness by participating in the universal self care requirements. In recent years there has been a shift in the role of the nurse from predominantly caring for the sick to one of health promotion and disease prevention. The nurses are placed in a role of assessing strengths and limitations and implementing appropriate measures that will allow the individual to return to health and well being. My view of health did not incorporate the concept of health promotion and maintenance.

Orem views health as something one must not take for granted, but rather one where the individual must participate in a process of self-care activities for the maintenance of health and well being. Having studied her deblockedion of health, I find it much more applicable to the nursing paradigm since it refers to health maintenance. It also refers to health as being a process that requires continual maintenance. Therefore the status of health is never stagnant but rather an active process of growth which varies with the individual throughout their life.

For example, in Orem's developmental theory, she notes processes such as reproduction and aging cause an alteration in the universal self care requirements. Her theory also guides the nursing education to further the clarification of health promotion using her model. Her model is in tune with the present day health needs of our society, with a strong emphasis on prevention, which promotes self-care. The promotion of health must become an essential part of the individual's life, which includes being physically active, eating healthy and having a supportive network to assist the individual in handling stressful situations.

She states that self-care is an adult's continuous contribution to his or her continued existence of health and well being. Hartweg (1989). Nursing Orem identifies the role of the nurse through her theory, which has three related constructs: self-care theory, self-care deficit and nursing systems theory. Her central idea is the belief that people can benefit from nursing because they are predisposed to disease, which can interfere with their ability to participate in self-care on an on-going basis. She believes that the ability to care for ones self is not inherent but must be learned. These behaviors must be regulated through development and integrity. Marriner 1998.

I accept her deblockedion of the nurse, which is a practical one. The nurse is used as a facilitator of care for the patient through the Nursing Systems Theory, which establishes the structure and content of nursing, by using the nursing process to help individuals meet therapeutic, self-care demands for those with limitations to engage in self-care or dependent care. Her theory has been used in many practice settings not only in North America but also in Europe and Asia.

Her theory was used for purposes of patient education for post-surgical patients, the self-care concept was growth producing for the nurse and the patients, as well as having the potential for cost-effectiveness. Rehabilitation centers found her theory useful in the evaluation of patient outcomes, where the focus of the units was the fostering of maximum self-care. Orem s theory also guided practice in discharge planning for self-care with the help of method-specific interventions that assist in discharge readiness. Alligood (1997).

The focus on community based health care today, where patients are discharged from hospital early requires, that patients become more self-sufficient with regard to self-care. Her general theory is not only useful in guiding and developing practice; it is also useful in nursing research both using qualitative and quantitative methodologies. The theoretical entities are well defined and lend themselves to be measured because their empiric indicators have semantic clarity and simplicity. Her theory is also useful in the design of graduate nurses as well as continuing education.

It has provided an invaluable tool in the development of computer based systems used in the structuring of and the delivery of care. Orem's theory of nursing could be viewed as timeless in that it is continually evolving to meet the changing needs of our society. She believes that nurses should be educated in theory development thus creating a relationship between what they do and what they know, thus leading to a heightened level of professionalism. Marriner (1989) Orem's Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory put nursing in the unique position of being differentiated from other disciplines by the development of the Nursing Systems Theory. Other disciplines have used the self-care theory and contributed to its development but the Nursing Systems Theory is unique to nursing only.

It gives direction to nursing specific outcomes related to knowing and meeting the therapeutic self-care demand. Orem is not only one of the most accomplished nursing theorists of the 20th century, she also has a visionary view of nursing for the 21st century with regard to education, practice and knowledge. I now have a deeper understanding and appreciation of what Orem's theory has contributed to nursing both in the practice setting and the development of nursing as a profession.

I now have a more optimistic outlook for the future of nursing and the further development of nursing through Orem's theory. Conclusion Having studied Orem's theory I have a new insight into the four concepts of the nursing metaparadigm. I see how these concepts interrelate to form the paradigm of nursing. I see the Person as a patient who has been empowered towards self-care. I see the Environment with the extra dimension of developmental theory that can impact on the patient's recovery. I see Health as requiring continual maintenance and promotion of disease prevention by the Person. I see how understanding Nursing theory can improve patient care and lead to ongoing development of the nursing profession.

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Dissertation on Persistence

2011-12-13T02:34:00.000-08:00

Dissertation on Persistence

One of our great presidents said the following: "Nothing in the world can take the place of persistence. Talent will not, nothing is more common. Genius will not, unrewarded genius is almost a proverb. Education will not, the world is full of educated derelicts. Persistence and determination alone are omnipotent."

Of all the "Keys to Success", none of them more easily turns the tumblers of the lock of success than Persistence. We are certainly aware of the power of persistence...we see it all around us. It's on the television, or we hear about it on the news, and read about in the newspapers--people who have faced great difficulty or misfortune and have rallied something deep within themselves to keep trying--over and over again, through setback after setback, obstacle after obstacle, through hardship and often pain and have stayed the course to realize the object of their desire.

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I have observed a problem common in most people who want to be successful in life. That is, most of them, while fully aware of what it takes to succeed, are willing to do "some" of the things necessary to achieve, but not everything. They pick and choose, most often it's the easy things, or those activities that are not too demanding and present the greatest opportunity for success--even if it really doesn't move them toward their goals. If things get too hard, they simply abandon the project and move on to something else. They really don't put forth the effort necessary to meet the challenge. They look down the road and see the whole of work and effort required to reach their goals, and think of all the hard work involved, the complications and difficulties; as a result they choose to do nothing...except make excuses.

Most people attending the emotionally charged "Motivation" seminars and speeches come away from the event with a new sense of commitment, determination and fervor that is rivaled only by a "born again" experience. However, many, without the understanding of what it takes to become truly successful, hit a snare or two and proclaim to anyone who will listen that "This stuff doesn't work." I think a lot of the more popular motivational speakers do a grave disservice to those who pay very good money to hear them speak, and all the attendee receives is a lot of "pie-in-the-sky" hype with no real direction or techniques on how to apply what they've heard. Of course, some of them will tell their audience that they have to persist, and it sounds relatively easy when they say it--but IT ISN'T! These people go on to believe that all they have to do is think positive and all their dreams will come true. They aren't told of the mountains they will have to climb; the setbacks they will inevitably experience; the occasions when they will doubt themselves and their sanity; the criticism they will have to endure at the hand of those who have no understanding at all of what it takes to succeed in life; the times when you know you have no more to give; the times when giving up becomes the lessor of two evils--when failure is an easy pill to swallow. Please let me inject something here. You can only fail when you cease to try any longer. And if you are not prepared for what you must face, and committed to see it through, you will be very disillusioned when storms come and the winds blow. Now, I'm not saying everything you'll do to reach your goal is going to be difficult. All kinds of obstacles will present themselves, some of them will be pretty hard and you'll think there is no way you'll ever overcome this one, while others will be so minor you'll overcome it with little thought or effort.

It is important, perhaps more important, to enjoy the journey of success than to reach your destination...to have fun in the process. But, please, be aware that the down times will come. What these times should show us are opportunities to strengthen our resolve and commitment; to develop that positive characteristic and tenacity needed to triumph over this challenge.

I meet people all the time in my seminars who have "earned" success. They relate times when they were on track to achieving their goals and dreams when out of nowhere they were blind sided and the rug was pulled out from under them. Some of them had to start all over again, not just once or twice, but several times.

Have you seem the new NikeTM commercial with Michael Jordan. Jordan says he has lost 300 games, missed over 9000 shots, and when the game was on the line and he was given the ball to take the winning shot--27 time he failed. He goes on to say, "I've failed over and over and over again...and this is why I succeed."

This commercial says volumes to those who believe there is no place for failure, or setbacks in the process of becoming and being successful in life. Sometimes, the only way we discover what will work to help us along the road of success is to discover what will not. Probably the only people on this planet who have not made a mistake are those who have never tried anything of consequence. We've talked about this before. Failure is our only real teacher. If we don't learn from our mistakes, we are doomed to repeat them. Repeat them enough, we either search for something else and persist, or we give up, blame others and make excuses. But failure (I'd much rather call them challenges, obstacles, or setbacks) is no reason to stop trying. The right to fail is just as important as your right to succeed. Personally, I don't know of, and have never read or heard of anyone who has become successful without that success being hinged on failures...and lots of them. The difference between them and the "also rans", or should I say, "the also signed up's, but quit along the way," is that they persisted. They knew the sun would shine and the rains would come, also. They prepared themselves because they knew that on the other side of adversity, once they broke through the barrier, there is always a reward which outweighs the struggles and hardship. Only those people who are willing and determined to try and try again after suffering setbacks, refusing to be beat down and be listed among those who had dreams, but didn't have the faith in themselves nor the courage or strength to lift themselves up and try one more time. Some of these people will never know if this "one more try" will be the key to unlock the door that leads to the wonderful life of successful achievement all men desire.

Only those who patiently and systematically apply themselves and persist will be rewarded with the joys, satisfaction and accomplishments they seek. G. B. Shaw said, "Success does not consist in never making a mistake but in never making the same one a second time."

People who are successful, by whatever terms they define success, have seen in their imaginations a life for themselves and those they love so exciting and inviting. They feel their dreams are far too important not to take the actions necessary to make them real. They work hard and persist minute by minute, hour by hour, day by day, year in and year out to make their dreams something they can finally see with their eyes and touch with their hands.

It is impossible not to be struck by the awesome power that comes from persisting when coming face to face with those moments when all you have is the faith of your convictions and the white hot fire of desire; those moments when everything you believe about yourself and what you are really made of is challenged; those moments when everything is on the line and it's time to perform. It is times like these that nothing else you've done matters more than your ability, right now, to persist! It's times like these that will determine whether or not you will succeed or fail. Understand this, you will not win every battle. You may not overcome every adversity, but you can be assured that every effort you put forth and continue to put forth will give you the courage and commitment to keep trying, to keep persisting--and this, my friend, WILL guarantee the victory of the war.

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Scholarship Dissertation

2011-12-12T15:13:00.000-08:00

Scholarship Dissertation

I've always had a fascination, or rather, a sort of veneration for Scientific Management, and of course, Taylorism. Many didn't approve my idea of wasting time on a degree in Operations Research and Management Science, or so they called it. But for me, the plan was always the same: Follow my heart. Wild as it may seem, losing out on a chance to do an MBA and straightaway getting into the higher salary brackets, pursuing a career in Operations Research, a not so illustrious career choice as thought by many Indians, was what confused many people. Yes I have a dream, that of running an organization of my own, but I have my own ways of going about it. This was all they got from me. I made my choice, to pursue a challenge, a passion. A choice to diverge from the mainstream path into an exclusive specialization in a single intellectual realm, with a serious commitment.

Getting an M.B.A. makes perfect sense for a lot of people, most M.B.A.s. are successful. But getting an M.S. in Operations Research makes even more sense in my particular case: it is the perfect academic supplement to my engineering background, one I need to become a leading edge high-tech consultant in the field of Management Science. Detailed technology understanding plus profound business and group skills, is a rare combination that really can get the career rocket roaring and this is the mix of knowledge and skill I intend to gain during my graduate program in Operations Research. This is certainly true for me, and I think that this is one of my most important and convincing reasons for taking up a degree in Management Science. I can make a niche for myself, specialize in something as sound in theory and practice as OR, yet not wanting in any of the skills needed by a manager.

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Having spent considerable time in the field during my internships at the Defense Research and Development Lab, the Nuclear Fuel Complex and Voith Turbo, an exclusively Operations Research oriented career certainly is the opposite of what I am interested in. No error, but that is what I exactly do not want. A specialization very dedicated can work wonders with a career but one that is too completely stuck does not. Guaranteed career progression comes only of mastering a core competence yet not lacking other relevant skills. This I believe in, and hence follow.

During my internship at DRDL, I was assigned to the Production Planning and Control Division, and was asked to lead a group of 5 to work on various jobs like Scheduling, Machine Assignment, Resource Allocation and Routing. It was a demanding job, especially because we had to learn it the hard way. No teachers, only books. A mistake was unimaginable. We hadn't yet come across the subject of OR in the class work as it was scheduled in the next semester. We groped to solution by Trial-and-Error method and often, speculations. Only after some advice from senior officers did we get to know of the existence of a mathematical theory for all such problems. The science of Operations Research. In subsequent internships, I worked with other teams in developing OR solutions and generating algorithms. We even developed software for Voith Turbo. It was then that I was caught in the intrigue of OR.

So what is it I am truly interested in? I want to be where the wars of business are fought, with brains as weapons. I want to go to office at 9, with a handful of challenges and come back home at 5, satisfied that I could win a few of my not-so-easy wars, and learnt a couple of lessons about what not to do. This is where, I believe, I can make my best contribution. In short, I want to be where the action and the challenges are. I want to be where I am not guaranteed an easy job, but where I have to face challenges that always find me.

For the career I want to make, in terms of abilities, I believe I am well equipped with my engineering background. OR demands a lot of quantitative skills, and I've had 24 credits of Math in my degree. I have scored a 740 on the GMAT, with a 92% in Math. As for the programming element, in addition to the C language included in my undergraduate course, I have acquired proficiency in other contemporary programming languages, viz. C++, Visual Basic and Java. In terms of attitude, I have never felt more confident and positive. Through industrial exposure, I have come a long way in getting myself prepared for the task.

And here are my concrete plans after graduation: I shall take up a job for some time in an organization dedicated to providing OR solutions to gain the necessary work experience. It can be in the UK, or Europe or Asia. I aspire to come back to India after graduation and start an enterprise of my own, committed to providing OR solutions and giving the essential commercial exposure to the science in the Indian industry. But frankly, these are just a few options I can pinpoint now, and I am sure that many more will become apparent through my experience during the program. Abiding by my belief in continuing education, I plan to pursue a part-time degree in Decision Support Systems, which is a bridge between the hard technique oriented science of OR and the soft practice centric Management.

Apart from aspiring a successful career, I have always tried to balance my economic wants and my social responsibilities. I do not call myself a social activist but I never let a chance to get involved in community development pass by. I had a chance during my first year of college, which was not as demanding as the subsequent years were, to participate in a pilot project by the Tata Consultancy Services, a literacy campaign making use of sophisticated audio-visual aids and state-of-the art computer software. Throughout the summer vacation, I immersed myself in the campaign, and to be very frank, was satisfaction personified when I saw my adult students being able to read a newspaper in the local language. The second participation was in social data acquisition. It was a micro-level planning campaign by the state government that needed huge educated manpower. Engineering students from various colleges were invited to join the campaign and I did utilize the chance to take up some social responsibility. Some day, I hope to balance these two facets of my life, closest to perfection, and shall be in pursuit till then.

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Dissertation on Salvador Dali

2011-12-12T02:23:00.000-08:00

Dissertation on Salvador Dali

Through his art, filled with deviant and thought-provoking abstract images, Salvador Dali has made his mark in the world as being one of the most famous Surrealists. Surrealism is a 20th century movement dealing with the workings of the subconscious and is characterized by fantastic imagery. (Mishka 2001) His art is popular with modern society as well as art enthusiasts. His paintings explore the connection between fantasy and reality, stemming from the subconscious mind.

Salvador Felipe Jacinto Dali was born in Figueres, Spain, in the Catalonia district, 1904. Catalans are said to be energetic, creative, and interested in making money.

(Etherington-Smith 1992) Dali possessed at least two of these attributes. His energy was not shown as physical in a sense; rather it was displayed in the stroke of his brush, in tune with his creative subconscious mind.

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One of the reasons Dali's works were so eccentric stems from his early childhood. It is said that Salvador Dali was born twice. The first was born in 1901, but died on August 1, 1903. His father, also called Salvador Dali, couldn't come to terms with his firstborn's death, so he named his second born Salvador Dali as well. His parents talked about his dead brother often. (Rojas 1993) This fixation on their dead son had a long lasting effect on Salvador Dali himself. Dali said "All the eccentricities which I commit, all the incoherent displays are the tragic fixity of my life. I wish to prove to myself that I am not the dead brother, but the living one." Dali felt he was only half himself for a period of time through his father's eyes, his other half being his elder brother. (Etherington-Smith 1992)

Dali's greatest influence was Roman Pitxot. Pitxot was a central figure in Barcelona-Paris who was close friends with Pablo Picasso. Dali's father was a notary, also an influential figure in the district. He started his practice with the business of the Pitxot estates. The Pitxots persuaded Dali's father to encourage his son in art after realizing the talent he had. The Pitxot family was able to show Dali a larger world of culture in art, music and literature. Without their help, who knows whether Dali would have recognized his remarkable gift. (Etherington-Smith 1992)

Salvador Dali was not the most social kind of person. He painted in solitude, and during a period in his life he painted as soon as he awoke until lunchtime. Dali used the interaction with everyday people in his own work. He once said "I regarded most of the people I met solely and exclusively as creatures I could use as porters in my voyages of ambition." (Etherington-Smith 1992) This outlook on life helped tie the subject of his paintings to the fantasy of his mind.

Dali's paintings reflect the images hidden in his psyche. The landscapes that appeared in many of his works were based on the rocks of Cape Creus, a place remembered by Dali from his childhood. (Mattie) It is easy to find elements of everyday life in his paintings. These elements are not what makes Dali's paintings stand out. It is the twist on the subject and the flow of uniform detail that catches the watcher's eye. The Persistence of Memory is a good example of Dali's unique view of reality. The picture represented a landscape near Port Lligat, with rocks lighted by an evening twilight. (Gibson 1997) He used a technique that put unusual, dream-like images as the subject over a bleak landscape.

Salvador Dali painted The Persistence of Memory in 1931 as oil on canvas. It contains a few simple objects set in a barren landscape. A tree with a single branch holds a clock drooping lifelessly over the outstretched branch. The dying tree is set atop a large wooden box on the left side of the canvas. Another clock hangs limply on the edge of the box. Below the tree there is a closed pocket watch with ants crawling over the top of it. The landscape ends as a body of water blends into the horizon. The formation of rocks near the water appears to be worn away and cracking.

Dali's use of color gives the painting a dreary overtone. There is nothing too bright that would draw the attention of the eye to one location. There is a lot of space between the central humanoid figure and everything else. The only discernable trait about the figure is a single closed eye with a brow and a nose. These characterize the shape as human, but it contains no other human traits. The rest of the figure trails off through the use of curved lines. The figure is draped on its side with a melting clock on top of it, as if signifying an eternal sleep.

Dali painted The Persistence of Memory just after World War I and before World War II. Everything in the landscape is dead or decaying, even the tree. The painting represents the forgotten memories of past wars, resulting in a war that ends with the destruction of humanity. The ants signify death and decay while the clocks, man made objects, begin to melt and fade away. The painting acts as a wake-up call to those who forget the aftermath war has on man-kind and the world we live in. The Persistence of Memory is probably the most widely known Surrealism painting, and there is no question why. Everyone can relate to the images and ideas flowing through the painting. Everyone is affected when it comes to war, whether directly or indirectly. There is a connection to reality in the painting as well as a tie to unrealistic, dream-like images that give it a deeper meaning.

The Paris Surrealist Movement and "The Interpretation of Dreams" by Sigmund Freud, which contained the theory of the unconscious, played important roles as influences to Salvador Dali's art. Dali was almost infatuated with Freud's theory as he sought to depict images not in their true form, but by their associated form created by the mind. He strived to achieve a better understanding of the subconscious meaning to these images. A group of French surrealists gave him an outlet to discuss techniques and ideas, but because of his lack of interest in politics he was eventually shunned by this group. (Borghi) Dali was able to display his art in Surrealist group shows along with other artists, including Pablo Picasso. This helped him to gain fame as being one of the prodigies of the Surrealist Movement, with successful paintings such as the Board of Demented Associations and Night-Walking Dreams on display. (Gibson 1997)

Night-Walking Dreams was completed in 1922 as watercolor on paper. Dali's intention was to depict a late-night foray through downtown Madrid. The piece contains different shades of black and white with a hint of tan dabbled throughout. There are many figures and shadows of people displayed in a city marked by luminous, windowed buildings. All of the male figures are wearing black suits, representing the city life. There are eyes everywhere, whether human or animal. Most of the eyes have no pupils. They appear to be staring blankly ahead as if uncaring as to where the night leads them. City lamps cast dark shadows over figures in the open, while other shadows are cast by figures in hiding. There is a person falling through the air while another has his head tilted back as if both are depicting a dream-like essence.

Dali uses his lines well, contrasting from light to dark, revealing shapes that blend together to create stairways, clocks, and wine glasses. All of these items represent a night life that a city holds within its limits. There are references to churches such as multiple crosses and church bells on top of buildings. They appeal to the onlooker as a reminder to the sin that goes along with the night life, as well as the guilt the people choose to ignore. One figure in the center of the painting stands out. He is crouched over with his hands covering half of his face, either to block out the shadows lurking around him or in fear of the guilt he feels in what goes on at night. He is one of the only figures containing pupils in his eyes. He is aware of everything around him, real or unreal, while all the others are still dreaming, oblivious to their own actions. Through Dali's use of light and dark space on the canvas figures are able to blend into buildings or stairways flawlessly.

It would be hard for anyone to go his or her entire life without seeing at least one of Salvador Dali's paintings. His paintings show images that bend and burn into the mind, allowing one to see passed the sick and vulgar subjects, and appreciate the artist for his bravery in what he was willing to put on the canvas. There was no end to Dali's imagination as he included the reality of the world inside and outside of his own mind into his paintings. His creativity was present in every painting, from a simple portrait to a complicated and detailed flow of brush strokes, ending in a surrealistic, visual story. Dali was able to use his style of art to make people see things in a different way, twisting the original image into something deeper, found in the recesses of his subconscious.

Salvador Dali has truly given meaning to the world of Surrealism. When it came to painting, Dali threw the rulebook out of the window. His work has not only influenced other artists, but it has helped define an entire movement. Dali's unconventional style has allowed people to realize that art does not have any standard definition as to how the idea is conveyed. His connection between fantasy and reality is astounding, and is prevalent throughout many of his paintings. Even today people revel in his insight into the subconscious mind as well as his creative ability to project the images on canvas. Salvador Dali's ideas, talent, boldness, and style have helped establish his role as a quintessential artist in the world today.

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T.S. Eliot Dissertation

2011-12-11T06:07:00.000-08:00

T.S. Eliot Dissertation

T.S. Eliot is considered to be one of the most prominent poets and playwrights of his time and his works are said to have promoted to "reshape modern literature"(Britannica). He was born in 1888 in St. Louis, Missouri and studied at Harvard and Oxford. It was at Harvard where he met his guide and mentor Ezra Pound, a well-known modernist poet. Pound encouraged Eliot to expand his writing abilities and publish his work. His published work was alarming and little to find enjoying. He gained the ability to write poetry filled with wisdom while adding his own passionate language. Eliot received the Nobel Peace Prize for literature in 1948. His poetic nature changed as he matured and the issues that associated society.

Irrespective of the subject Eliot's themes were cynical and pessimistic that emphasized society's role. As a whole, the works of T.S. Eliot an influential pessimist depicted the public's position as a moving culture faced with conflict. As a radical innovator whose poetry represented the harsh realities of England in the 1920s, T. S Eliot magnified England's society through a fine tooth comb.

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Incidentally England was then an expanding industrialized empire and did little to mollify the working class, whose political discontent was no doubt aggravated by the social upheaval, brought about by the Industrial Revolution. The 1914-18 war marked the end of the Victorian-Edwardian age, it was described as an age of social, political, economical reformation in society, where one sought to erase the old order and replace it with a completely new set of values. But Eliot was never interested though contented to examine the habits of the old order and contrast them with the new hopes and fears without offering solution. Such an example is "Ash Wednesday". Mainly in free verse his careful choice of deblockedive words is the main reason why his poems are constantly discussed.

Eliot's poems one might say are nauseating because of the strong courage he exerts to emphasize his perception. Society in 1920s neither expected, nor was ready for Eliot's view of the world. They were disgusted and appalled by Eliot's poetry soon to realize it was their lives he was articulating. An example of one of his poetry is the "Morning at Window", where strong effective words are used such as "rattling", "sprouting despondently", "trampled" "aimless" all conjuring a bleak mundane atmosphere.

In this poem Eliot slightly advocates to the lower class. He repeats similar words throughout his poems, words he really likes and adds the undercurrent of irony. An example is "twisted" where he uses "Twisted faces" in "Morning at the Window", "Twists like a crooked pin" and in the same poem "last twist of the knife"(Rhapsody of a Windy Night). Readers realize he is not merely poetic out of anger but finds joy out of creating cynical expressions and gasp at his menacing character. He's indeed articulate to an extent that even his poetic structure relates to the theme.

For example there isn't any punctuation in "Morning at Window" till the end of each stanza. The continuity of long sentences suggests the long monotonous life of the servants who are metaphorically revealed in the poem. A similarity that occurs in all his poems is the first stanza where he sets the scenes, which are mainly murky and dark. All seem to have a penetrating aura of magic "lunar incantations"(Rhapsody of a Windy Night) but are distort and destroyed by the realities of the actual town and its events.

In "Rhapsody of a Windy Night" a misanthropic poem, is Eliot's deblockedion of a working nightmare. Lines like "Dissolve the floors of memory", Madman shakes a dead geranium" all evoke a sense of violence and aggression. From the beginning Eliot's epigraphs and opening lines alarms the readers whether to continue reading or not. Even phonetics played a big part in his poems, with certain letters deliberately repeated to emphasize and establishing the tone and point of the poem.

Certain strong s-sounds "scuttling across the silent seas"(The Love Song by J.Alfred Prufrock) emphasizes lack of purpose. Certain "sounds are also used commonly in most of his poems - "And now a gusty shower wraps" (Preludes), "The street-lamp sputtered, the street lamp muttered" again to emphasize his point. Eliot's awareness and knowledge of different languages are clarified through his extensive use of other languages especially French supposedly the "language of love". He uses it to express his point clearly and sometimes in languages words may have a deeper meaning to get the gist of an emotion.

Such examples are "cauchemar"(Portrait of a Lady) and "La lune ne garde aucune rancune" (Rhapsody of a Windy Night) even in French he malignly describes society. Generally the personas in his poems are on a journey, which lasts throughout the poem and appears to have no fixed destination. Only in the physical sense do they seem to be going nowhere and this is due to the fact that in both an emotional and intellectual perception each persona reaches some kind of awareness. (E.g. The loved song by J.

Alfred Prufrock) All of the themes in his poems can be briefly summarized as issues relating to social classes and their mistreatment, fulfilled longing desires, loneliness, relationship misfortunes, anti-Semitic, antifeminist etc. His poems are journeys that penetrate deep inside his subject and theme which are all pessimistic. He entertains and keeps the excitement and tone upbeat by repeating phrases to form a sort of chorus to a song. We tend to sing to the chorus of a song first then learn the whole song; similarly here his main theme is illustrated in the repetitive phrases.

Especially his long poems where he establishes the scene in his first two stanzas, describes subject in the rest but the second last stanzas usually express an insight to a fantasy, a positive image, a hope in life then he naughtily drowns and dissolves such thoughts with sordid paradox images in the remaining last lines. "Till humans voices wake us, and we drown." (The loved song by J. Alfred Prufrock) The modern reader may find T.S Eliot's poems distasteful and hostile due to the cynical perspective he portrays in his poetry. He informs the reader of certain human circumstances whether they are resplendent or disturbing. Many of his poems are associated with death and dreadful elements.

Although one might occasionally, want a reality check a subtle approach would be appreciated but Eliot's emphasizes and reiterates the sufferings of life. Death, loss, failure, misfortunes that all relate to today's society in nature. Modern readers would find little to enjoy because the elements criticised are still issues discussed today. Sexual discourse, relationship misfortunes, suppressed emotions etc, are all current issues of society.

Being anti-feminist (lines 16-20 Rhapsody of a Windy Night) in today's society isn't popular because of the large amount of opinionative women, his poetries would be left isolated. Personally I enjoy T.S Eliot's poetry solely because of his sceptical view and his articulate phrases that conjure forceful images, emphasizing the ironic truth. Eliot in his time was an individual who passionately connected to society by providing a window into individual thoughts, while everyone was too ignorant and afraid to allow themselves to question. He expressed the hurtful truth. For someone engrossed to produce vivid pessimistic imagery, I do believe he had experience his themes expressed in his poetry, during his life.

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Dissertation on UFO

2011-12-11T03:08:00.000-08:00

Dissertation on UFO

Project Sign, was the first UFO investigation in America. Its operations began in January 1948. Project Sign had a low security classification, and a high national priority. Project Sign was later transformed into the investigation of Project Grudge, then Project Blue Book. From the beginning, some believed UFOs were Soviet technology, and others believed that they were extraterrestrials. I believe that UFOs, and extraterrestrials truly exist among us. This can be substantiated by the volumes of evidence from many government investigations, documentations from many eyewitnesses, and physical evidence, such as, the appearance of crop circles. I think that some of the government investigations have been covered up to hide what they really know, and what they have seen. Dr. J. Allen Hynek joined the Project Sign investigation in early 1948. Hynek was not impressed by the 200-plus reports Project Sign first studied.

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Hynek, at first, believed UFOs to be nonsense. He joined the Project Sign hoping to prove that the mysterious objects in the sky were nothing more than misidentifications of a natural phenomenon, or manmade objects, or else the work of hoaxers. He believed that UFOs were figments of the imagination. Others in the Project Sign agreed with Hynek's philosophy. However, on January 7, 1948, the investigations of a UFO sighting led a pilot, Kentucky Air National Guard Captain, Thomas F. Mantell, Jr., to his death.

Around 1:30 p.m., the Kentucky State Police had received information about a large flying object with red lights from Maysville, Irvington, Madison, and Owensboro, Kentucky. This flying object was visible to the control tower at Godman Air Force Base. A pilot, Captain Mantell, was asked to investigate this situation.

Mantell would have passed out at 25,000 feet from lack of oxygen. The New York Times was the first to publicize his death, revealing that the Air Force claims that, "Mantell died chasing Planet Venus." However, Jim Marrs, the Godman Air Force base commander told reporters he watched the UFO for nearly an hour with binoculars. It is highly unlikely that he was observing Venus for sixty minutes. The last radio transmission heard from Mantell, was, "My God, I see people in this thing!" Project Sign ultimately said that Mantell had not been chasing Venus, but he had been chasing a secret Navy Skyhook balloon.

Venus would have been a tiny pinpoint below him, not above him. A similar UFO investigation was reported over North Carolina, a few days later. On July 24, 1948, Captain Clarence Chiles and his First Officer reported a UFO while they were piloting. They were flying at 5,000 feet, with the moon shinning, and a clearing in the clouds above the plane. Around 2:45 a.m., the pilots saw a spacecraft in the sky. At the time, they had assumed it was just a jet plane.

But as they got a better look for about five to ten seconds, they noticed it to be wingless, cigar in shape, having two rows of windows, and a bright glowing light. There also seemed to be a blue glowing light coming from underneath the craft. Project Sign officers investigated this sighting seriously, and concluded this spacecraft to be extraterrestrial. All the copies of this report were ordered to be burned by the U.S. Air Force Chief of Staff. The word of the burning got out, and the destruction of the documents was seen as evidence of a government cover-up. In February 1949, the Project Sign staff completed their final report, classified "Secret".

This report said that, "All evidence so far presented the possible existence of the possible existence of space ships from another planet has been largely a matter of conjecture." On the other hand, the analysis of the Chiles sighting, the Project Sign staff stated "it is probable that the method of propulsion of this type of vehicle is far in advance of presently known engines." The Project Sign body thought they had done an excellent job explaining all the cases assigned to them, but seven. However, I don't think they hadn't actually explained anything. None of their evidence was that exclusive.

The members of Project Sign reported the objects in the sky were in fact UFOs, but there was no major evidence they used to back up their proposition. They didn't explain anything. They needed real evidence, like an actual finding of a UFO, a UFO crash site, or a finding of an alien life form. The members of the staff, who supported the extraterrestrial theory, were discouraged by the way things were going. The news and media eventually discovered the existence of Project Sign. These sources referred to it as Project Saucer.

In February of 1949, the project was renamed to Project Grudge. In Project Grudge the UFO data became the key priority. In addition, an attempt was on its way to turn off all interest in the phenomenon. Overall, the reports of Project Grudge were unclear. For reason like, lack of staff, and under funding, Project Grudge did not get the job done. They also failed to lose the interest of the American public pertaining to UFOs. Captain Ruppelt then took charge, and "the new improved" Project Grudge began. Better reports were then made. The Air Force and air traffic controllers also received orders on the proper way to handle an unusual sighting.

These procedures were known as Communication Instructions for Reporting Vital Intelligence Sightings, (CIRVIS). In February 1954, the Air Force instructed for all commercial pilots to send UFO reports to the intelligence department of the Military Air Transport Service, in Washington D.C. The commercial pilots were asked to never mention to the press what they witnessed. Of course, hundreds of pilots then protested this decision and signed a petition. However, nothing came of the pilots protests. Major Donald Keyhoe, a believer in ufology, protested against the Air Force secrecy of information.

On August 25, 1951, the "keepers of the secrets" had a major dilemma, when bluish lights were witnessed over Lubbock, Texas. These lights lasted for several days, and could be seen all over western Texas. A chemist, physicist, geologist, and a petroleum engineer concluded that these lights "were under intelligent control." A college freshman took pictures of these "Lubbock Lights", and the Air Force tried to dismiss the pictures as the reflection of light from streetlamps. Ruppelt investigated these lights for Project Grudge, and ruled out the lamppost theory.

He ruled it out easily because the objects were in areas far from town. The final conclusion made by Ruppelt five years later, stated that these lights were purely a natural phenomenon. After awhile, some staff members, both skeptics and believers were dismissed if they had confirmed themselves not capable of being open-minded about all new statistics and sightings reported. With all the new additional changes being made, the Air Force changed the name of Project Grudge, March 1952. It was called Project Blue BookThe first change Ruppelt made, was changing the name of a flying saucer.

He wanted to give a more precise definition of what is being studied, so Ruppelt introduced the term "Unidentified Flying Object", or UFO. The Blue Book Team kept an open mind of the subject. Ruppelt learned this from the previous Air Force attempts. Ruppelt also introduced a questionnaire about UFOs, to make is easier when collecting sighting data. Ruppelt become aware that UFO reports seem to rise and fall during different seasons. He found that sightings especially occurred in July, near industrial centers, seaports, and military areas.

In 1950 alone, the Air Force reported 210 sightings, twenty-seven unidentified. In 1951, there were 169 UFO reports, with twenty-two remaining unidentified. Project Blue Book data showed a build up of UFO sightings on the Eastern Coast of the United States in June 1952. There were sixty reports a week, coming into the Air Force, the first three weeks of July 1952. By the middle of July 1952, the Project Blue Book staff was swamped with over 100 UFO reports each week. However, on December 17, 1969, the Secretary of the Air Force announced the halt of Project Blue Book.

While Project Blue Book was characterized as the authorized government investigatory unit for UFOs, "some still believed it to be nothing more than a front." Some people may even think that the Blue Book was a public relation revealing operations, while a secret group was taking the important UFO reports behind the scenes. We will probably never know. I have discovered that the government investigations I researched have historical significance, because they have marked a big spot in history, forever. Project Sign was the first investigation ever in America dealing with UFOs.

In the year 5001, Americans, or maybe American-Alien hybrids, will think back on this period of time when people were first learning about what a UFO was. These investigations could have marked the beginning of our future. Before the first reported investigation in America, there was hardly a significance in the word "UFO". Some people didn't even think about an extraterrestrial life hovering over us until the government stepped in to do investigations. The first investigation of Project Sign caused many people to speculate whether UFOs were real, or just an exaggerated media headline.

These events, of supposable UFO sightings, also cause people later in time to believe they had been abducted aboard this spacecrafts, and became part of various alien examinations. The reason this topic interests me is because I want to know what the government has discovered while investigating UFOs. I don't want to be naive of the information the government has been controlling. I don't want the government to think they can sneak right by me, without being questioned. The government's ability to maintain secrecy can only diminish as time goes on. If the truth is eventually made public, and UFOs truly do exist, pure pandemonium will break out.

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Dissertation on Ukraine

2011-12-07T21:07:00.000-08:00

Dissertation on Ukraine

Ukraine is situated in the southeastern part of Central Europe and has its own territory, government, national emblem, flag, and anthem. It borders on Russia, Byelorussia, Moldova, Slovakia, Romania, Hungary, and Poland on land and Russia, Georgia, Bulgaria, Romania and Turkey on sea. After Russia, the Ukrainian republic was far and away the most important economic component of the former Soviet Union, producing about four times the output of the next-ranking republic. Its fertile black soil generated more than one-fourth of Soviet agricultural output, and its farms provided substantial quantities of meat, milk, grain, and vegetables to other republics.

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The main Ukrainian River is the Dnieper. It is one of the longest European rivers and one of the republic's main sources of hydroelectric power. The Dnieper and its tributary the Ross had been the cradle of the Ukrainian and Russian people in immeasurable time. Due to favorable climatic conditions, Ukraine is traditionally an agricultural area. It grows wheat, maize, buckwheat and other corn, red and green vegetables, all kinds of fruit, melons and berries.

Ukraine is one of the world's main centers of sugar production. It produces sugar both for her own needs and for export.

The country is rich in natural resources, such as iron ore, coal, color metal, oil, gas, mineral salts, clay and potential water power. It has developed a varied industry, concentrated mostly in and around big cities. It produces planes and ships, lorries and buses, motorcars and locomotives, computer and electronic equipment, precision instruments and agricultural machines, TV and radio sets, chemicals and textiles and various consumer goods.

Under the conditions of radical changes which took place on the world arena in the period from late 80-ies to early 90-ies the people of the newborn Ukrainian state chose their own way of development. Primarily aimed at creation of a democratic, legal and socially oriented state where the rights and freedoms of man are honored and the force of law prevails. Ensuring state independence, territorial integrity and immunity of state frontiers became a priority means of internal revival and development of the Ukrainian State, protection of national political and economic interests on the world arena. On the basis of these priority tasks, the foreign policy of independent Ukraine and its key foreign political priorities are determined.

From the time of the proclamation of independence, Ukraine has been building its foreign policy on the basis of full adherence to the norms and principles of international law. In the course of the millennia the historical destiny of Ukrain has been determined by the two important main lines of communication going over this region. In the first place it is the diagonal route from Europe to Asia, which during the different epochs has been going over north or south of Maritza River. An important role for the economy of the region was the river itself.

Plovdiv and Edirne in 1873 have been intensely used for carrying good by water from the inside of Thrace to the Aegean sea and vice versa. The strategic situation lead to the strengthening the position of the Fares, where the main exchange of the production and buying of the import goods. The biggest fare in the European Turkey - The fare of Ouzoundjovo has been organized in this region and it had a duration of 40 days and has been visited by 20 000 to 30 000 merchants, and sometimes their number was even greater. The biggest was the commodity turnover with Austria, England, and France.

In 1999, researchers of Economics Department of the Ukrainian National Academy of Sciences focused their efforts on investigating complex and conflicting processes of economic reforms, overcoming the economic crisis, and creating a basis for stabilization and transition to economic growth. Considerable attention was given to the issues of macro-economic, fiscal, scientific and technological, innovation, investment, agribusiness, regional, environmental and demographic policies. The research also covered social aspects of Ukraine development, in particular, development of labors potential and labor motivation, social welfare, and social insurance. A set of problems related to the country's foreign economic policy and ensuring the competitiveness of the national economy was investigated.

The researchers studied the influence of the integrated regulation mechanism of the state and market on reproduction processes, allowing for the effect of pricing, taxation, investment, innovation and fiscal policies, as well as foreign economic relations. Revealed was the character of the influence of these factors on the formation of real incomes and costs, creation of accumulation and consumption funds and dynamics of socioeconomic development. The processes of market transformations in agriculture were also investigated.

The Department's researchers solved philosophical, methodological and information problems of forecasting Ukraine's economic development on the path towards financial stabilization, obtained model-based evaluations of its development in separate economic sectors, and carried out simulation-based medium-term calculations, using different economic-policy scenarios. We studied theoretical problems of developing models for financial forecasting, stabilization and economic growth in Ukraine, with due regard for external and internal factors of forming the economic policy, as well as its influence on the status and prospects of the country's economic development. (I. I. Lukinov)

A system of sectional forecasting models was elaborated. It was oriented to forecasting economic growth with a simultaneous iterative approximation to preserving basic macro-economic proportions. The interaction of these models can be seen in the construction and coordination of basic indicators of payment and monetary balances the system of national accounts and balance of the state budget in the system of models for forecasting the Ukraine's economy.

In the year under review, the development of a fundamental research "Forecast of Development and Allocation of Productive Forces of Ukraine in the long-term Perspectives was completed. Within the framework of this work, the economic potential of Ukraine and directions of its efficient use was investigated, taking structural changes into account. The development of Ukraine's economic complex, its pace, proportions, and structure were analyzed. The development of industry, agribusiness, construction, recreation, and other sectors was investigated, as well as transports and communications. The country's scientific, technological, natural-resource and human potential was investigated, as well as its social sphere, human resources, employment and labor market. Principal directions of sustained development of the state and ensuring of its environmental safety were studied. Foreign-trade activities and territorial organization of productive forces were analyzed. Basic provisions of the concepts and priorities of development and allocation of Ukrainian productive forces up to 2010 were specified, structural changes in macro-economic indicators were studied, and their forecast-based evaluation was made.

Current trends in regulating economic activities in a mixed economy were investigated, the erroneous character of the concept of the state's non-interference in the economy being revealed. It was concluded that to form an efficient well-developed mixed economy in Ukraine, an integral regulation system for the whole sphere of economic relations is needed. It would in the optimum way integrate active state regulation with market and competition. It was shown that in the grave economic situation, existing when destabilizing factors are fully operative, the leading role should belong to the stimulating function of economic legislation.

Issues of institutional provision of corporate sector development in the Ukrainian economy. Conceptual and philosophical problems of lowering the resource-intensity of the national production, development of competition at the stage of market transformations, competitive policy as a factor of economic growth, as well as formation of industrial-and-financial groups in current conditions, were comprehensively investigated.

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This is a small excerpt from dissertation on Ukraine topic. As free PhD dissertation samples and Master's dissertation proposal examples are plagiarized we recommend you not to use it in your own dissertation or thesis paper. Why not to get online dissertation writing help on Ukraine from professional dissertation writing company? Top-rated PhD academic writers will write a custom dissertation on any topic and discipline from scratch!

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